The invention relates to the technical field of electrolytic aluminum, in particular to a process for treating electrolytic aluminum carbon residues through supercritical water oxidation and recycling electrolyte.The process comprises the steps that smashed carbon residues, water and an oxidizing agent are added into a reaction kettle, the temperature is increased to 374-380 DEG C, meanwhile, after the pressure in the reaction kettle is increased to 20-23 Mpa, heat preservation and pressure maintaining are conducted for 1-2 h, after the reaction is finished, a pressure relief valve is opened, and after the reaction is finished, the pressure relief valve is opened; and starting a cooling water cooling reaction system, carrying out gas-liquid separation, and then separating a solid-liquid mixture in the kettle. Compared with a traditional high-temperature roasting method for carbon removal, the supercritical treatment temperature is low, the supercritical treatment is carried out in a closed system of a reaction kettle, fluorine in the electrolytic aluminum carbon residues is not prone to volatilization, in other words, electrolyte cannot be denatured, and pollution caused by volatilization of the electrolyte cannot be caused; and secondly, oxygen dissolved in the supercritical water can completely oxidize carbon in the carbon residues in a short time, so that the treatment time of the electrolytic aluminum carbon residues is greatly shortened.