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50 results about "Surface-tension values" patented technology
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This is a table of surface tension values for some interfaces at the indicated temperatures. Note that the SI units millinewtons per meter (mN·m⁻¹) are equivalent to the cgs units dynes per centimetre (dyn·cm⁻¹).
Crystalline hydroxy waxes as oil in water stabilizers for skin cleansing liquid composition
The present invention relates to a stress stable lathering skin cleansing liquid composition comprising by weight parts of the liquid composition: (a) from about 0.5 parts to 10 parts of a stabilizer; for example trihydroxystearin; (b) from about 1 part to about 80 parts of lipid skin moisturizing agent; (c) from about 1 part to about 30 parts of surfactant having a combined CMC equilibrium surface tension value of from 15 to 50; (d) water; wherein said stress stable lathering skin cleansing liquid composition has a Lipid Deposition Value (LDV) of from about 5 to about 100 and wherein said composition is stable for at least two weeks at 100 F.
Owner:THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY
Rate limiting barriers for implantable devices and methods for fabrication thereof
InactiveUS7175873B1Solution value is not highIncrease valueSurgeryPharmaceutical containersRate limitingHydrophobic polymer
A method of coating an implantable medical device, such as a stent, is disclosed. The method includes applying a formulation on a first polymer layer containing a therapeutic substance to form a second layer. The formulation can contain a highly hydrophobic polymer or a solvent which is a poor solvent for the drug or the polymer of the first layer. The formulation can have a low surface tension value or a high Weber number value.
Owner:ABBOTT CARDIOVASCULAR
Interfacial rheological testing method and apparatus by using liquid drop imagery
ActiveCN102954927AHigh precisionEasy to operateFlow propertiesSurface tension analysisEngineeringDiscretization
The invention discloses an interfacial rheological testing method and an interfacial rheological testing apparatus by using liquid drop imagery. According to the invention, after least squares fitting and secondary optimization by using a Newton iteration method are carried out on a discretized Young-lapalace equation theoretical calculated curve and an actual liquid drop contour boundary curve, interfacial chemical properties like surface tension, interfacial tension and a contact angle value, the volume, the area and the wetting line of liquid drops, etc. can be calculated; then interfacial rheological properties like interfacial dilational elasticity Epsilon d and interfacial dilational viscosity Eta d can be obtained through analysis by using an interfacial tension relaxation method; a set of liquid drop sample introduction system and a set of testing apparatus are provided, liquid drop oscillation is realized through corresponding control software so as to increase or reduce the amount of liquid drops and allow oscillation process to accord with sine, cosine, square wave and sawtooth changes. The apparatus provided by the invention enlarges the application field of optical interface chemical analysis apparatuses and meets requirements for high-precision automatic testing of dynamic / static contact angle values, dynamic / static surface tension values, interfacial tension values and interface rheological measurement values.
Owner:上海梭伦信息科技有限公司
Composite type biological surfactant and its production method
InactiveCN101086006ARich varietyIncrease varietyTransportation and packagingClimate change adaptationCritical micelle concentrationDistilled water
The invention relates to a kind of complex biological surface active agent and the preparation method. It is prepared with bacillus subtilis, and the comprised component and their weight proportion are as follows: fat 98.1+- 0.2%, protein 19.1+- 0.2%, sugar 0.7+-0.1%, the critical micelle concentration of said complex biological surface active agent are 4.2- 5.0 g / l and 1.25- 1.39 g / l respectively, and they reduce interfacial force of distilled water from 78 m / m to 38.4- 39.8 mN / m, and 40.3- 40.8 mN / m. The invention is characterized in that it enriches biological surface active agent species generated by bacillus subtilis, and make it possible for bacillus subtilis wide application in environmental pollution treatment.
Owner:HUNAN UNIV
Apparatus and method for testing light-gas surface tension and light-liquid interfacial tension by using wilhelmy plate method
InactiveCN101865808AGood application effectHigh precisionSurface tension analysisWilhelmy plateEngineering
Owner:上海梭伦信息科技有限公司
Rate limiting barriers for implantable devices and methods for fabrication thereof
InactiveUS7622146B2Solution value is not highIncrease valueSurgeryPharmaceutical containersRate limitingHydrophobic polymer
Owner:ABBOTT CARDIOVASCULAR
Powdery composition
InactiveUS20030202993A1Highly effective in suppressing chapping of the skinEasy to useCosmetic preparationsImpression capsTime of useSurface-tension values
A powder composition such as a powder cosmetic composition, powder paint, or the like containing (a) a fluorine-treated powder (or a powder treated with a metal, followed by treated with fluorine) and (b) an oily component having a surface tension value (average) of at least 2.0x10<-2 >N / m, without substantially containing water, which is capable of liquifying by friction of an application thereof, of which composition is a superior powder composition liquifies upon friction of an application thereof at the time of use, which is free from the separation and sticky feeling of the oil, enables a good feeling in use and suppresses dryness of the skin, and will not adhere to the container in spite of an oil-rich preparation.
Owner:SHISEIDO CO LTD
Ink for thermal ink jet printing with high performance at high ejection frequencies
This invention relates to a water-based ink for ink-jet thermal printing containing a surface-active agent having, at a certain concentration, a slow dynamic rearrangement. This surfactant system gives the ink a high surface tension under dynamic conditions which grants greater droplet ejection frequencies with respect to the inks usually employed. At the same time, the ink's low static surface tension value means that it has correct paper wettability properties.
Owner:OLIVETTI TECNOST +1
Method and instrument for measuring surface tension
InactiveUS7266995B2High security of operationLess precipitationSurface tension analysisPressure curveDifferential pressure
For measuring the surface tension between a liquid and fluid such as a gas, a capillary (3, 3′) is used in which the liquid slowly flows and at the end of which drops (11) are formed, falling off into a closed space (7) containing the fluid. Using a pressure sensor (5, 5′) the pressure is measured which can be the absolute pressure of a fluid volume enclosed in the closed space or alternatively a differential pressure measured as the pressure difference between the liquid in the capillary and fluid contained in the closed space. The pressure is measured when one or more drops are formed and full off. The obtained pressure curves are evaluated electronically (12) and provide a value of the surface tension. The measurement can be made within a fairly short time with a high operational reliability. The temperature difference between the drop and the surrounding fluid is small resulting in a little precipitation of salts dissolved in the liquid, reducing the risk that the liquid capillary with be blocked. A pump can be connected (9) to the closed space to create a subatmospheric pressure therein and thereby assist in restarting the liquid flow through the capillary if it would be blocked. The velocity of the liquid flow to the drop can be controlled using the pump.
Owner:JENSER TECH
Method for preparing lipopeptide biological surfactant
InactiveCN105838763AReduce surface tensionReduce manufacturing costMicroorganism based processesFermentationBacterial strainCorn steep liquor
The invention discloses a method for preparing a lipopeptide biological surfactant. The adopted bacterial strain is brevibacterium halotolerans Y-1-4, the collection number is CGMCC No.8823, cheap saccharose molasses serves as a carbon source of a medium, corn steep liquor serves as a nitrogen source, nutrient elements such as other phosphorus sources and inorganic salt are added, the mixture is fermented to be subjected to the acid precipitation step, the organic solvent extraction step and the like, and the lipopeptide biological surfactant is obtained. The critical micelle concentration of the lipopeptide biological surfactant is 21.512 mg / L, and the surface tension value of distilled water can be reduced to 28 mN / m or below from 72 mN / m (25 DEG C); the raw materials required by the lipopeptide biological surfactant produced with the method are cheap and easy to obtain. According to the method, the kinds of producing bacteria of the lipopeptide biological surfactant are enriched, the production cost of lipopeptide is reduced through the cheap raw materials, and it is possible that the biological surfactant is more widely applied.
Owner:QINGDAO UNIV OF SCI & TECH
Surface tension measuring method based on axisymmetric droplet contour curve
ActiveCN109916779ASimple surface tensionReduce computing timeSurface tension analysisMeasurement pointComplex calculation
The invention provides a surface tension measuring method based on an axisymmetric droplet contour curve. The method comprises the following steps: a tiled droplet image is taken, and a droplet contour curve is extracted; two measurement points not on the same horizontal plane are selected on the droplet contour curve; and the above geometric parameters associated with the selected two measurementpoints on the droplet contour curve are measured, and the surface tension of the liquid is calculated by using the following formula as described in the specifications. Through measurement on the geometric parameters of one point on the axisymmetric droplet surface and measurement on the associated liquid volume, the surface tension value can be simply obtained, no complex calculation is needed,and the calculation time is saved; and for an uneven surface tension condition, the surface tension of any point on the liquid can be simply obtained.
Owner:SHANGHAI INST OF CERAMIC CHEM & TECH CHINESE ACAD OF SCI
Polystyrol material with low surface tension and producing method thereof
The invention relates to a polystyrene material with low surface tension, which is prepared by the following raw materials in weight portion: 1,000 portions of polystyrene, 5 to 25 portions of dimethyl silicone polymer and 5 to 40 portions of polytetrafluoroethylene. The polystyrene material with low surface tension introduces two adequate surface auxiliary agents with low surface tension value in a polystyrene system by means of blending; and the two surface auxiliary agents introduced are food level, and have absolute safety and low cost. The invention also provides a method for preparing raw materials of the polystyrene material with low surface tension, relates to a method for producing the polystyrene material with low surface tension, in particular to a method for producing a polystyrene sheet with low surface tension, and also relates to a packaging material for food which is processed by the polystyrene sheet with low surface tension. The methods can reduce the surface tension value of the polystyrene material and then reduce the adherence degree of fermented milk on the surface of the polystyrene material, and also has the advantage of simple and convenient operation method.
Owner:INNER MONGOLIA MENGNIU DAIRY IND (GRP) CO LTD
Method for detecting inoxidizability of lubricating oil
Owner:北京天元联发汽车贸易有限责任公司
Oil removal technology for improving surface wetting tension of aluminum foil for medicinal application
InactiveCN107059033ASolve the low dyne valueResolution timeFurnace typesHeat treatment furnacesDyneFree cooling
The invention discloses a degreasing process for improving the surface wetting tension of medicinal aluminum foil, which belongs to the technical field of medicinal aluminum foil processing and comprises the following steps: (1) raising the temperature of the annealing furnace to a preset temperature; The aluminum foil is installed in the annealing furnace frame and placed on the annealing furnace trolley; (3) After reaching the preset temperature, the furnace door is opened, and the aluminum foil to be processed is sent into the furnace by the annealing furnace trolley; (4) at the preset temperature Predetermined heat preservation time; (5) Open the furnace door after the predetermined time of heat preservation, take out the annealing furnace trolley, and naturally cool to room temperature in the air. In particular, a process suitable for degreasing 8011 alloy aluminum foil is disclosed. It solves the defects of low dyne value, long degreasing time and high energy consumption of the blister medical aluminum foil processed by the traditional aluminum foil degreasing process, realizes the purpose of increasing the surface tension value of the aluminum foil to 34 dyne, and satisfies the needs of users Require.
Owner:JIANGSU DAYA ALUMINUM
Biomulsifier and its manufacturing method
InactiveCN101108325AHigh densityHigh strengthTransportation and packagingMixingCritical micelle concentrationDistilled water
The invention relates to a new biological emulsifier generated in bacilus subtilis and the production method, the per centage of the composites of the emulsifier is: protein 45.6 plus and minus 0.3 per cent, carbohydrate 8.9 plus and minus 0.3 per cent, the critical micelle concentration is 2.67 to 2.96 g / L, the invention reduces the surface tension value of distilled water from 78mN / m to 45.7 to 47.3mN / m , the emulsification index of the biological emulsifier E24 keeps between 60 to 70 per cent; the invention is characterized in that: the invention enriches the kinds of the biological surface activating agent generated in bacilus subtilis, which makes the wide use of bacilus subtilis in industry specially in compost factor on environment pollution administration be possible.
Owner:HUNAN UNIV
Method and device for detecting milk SDS by using surface tension sandwich effect
ActiveCN106680153AMaterial analysis by optical meansSurface tension analysisMilk sampleSurface-tension values
The invention discloses a method and device for detecting milk SDS by using the surface tension sandwich effect and belongs to the field of milk SDS detection. The method comprises the following steps of (1) forming a hanging drop and a sessile drop by a straight probe and a U-shaped probe separately; (2) irradiating the hanging drop and the sessile drop by using a light source, shooting the hanging drop and the sessile drop in a same drop image, and storing the drop image; (3) segmenting the drop image by using multiple interested ranges (ROI) to form a hanging drop region and a sessile drop region; (4) calculating surface tension values of the hanging drop region and the sessile drop region separately; and (5) judging whether the condition of adding sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) exists in a milk sample or not. According to the method and the device, whether SDS is added to the milk or not and whether the milk is fresh milk or not can be judged.
Owner:上海梭伦信息科技有限公司
Composite-grade high-gloss aluminized polyethylene blown film and production method thereof
InactiveCN109130413AHigh glossIncreased composite peel strengthSynthetic resin layered productsVacuum evaporation coatingHigh pressureChemistry
The invention relates to a composite-grade high-gloss aluminized polyethylene blown film and a production method thereof. The aluminized polyethylene blown film comprises an aluminum atom accumulationlayer, a corona layer, a middle layer and a heat sealing layer; the corona layer comprises ethylene and methyl methacrylate random copolymer resin, C2-C8 metallocene catalytic copolymer plastic resinand medium-density linear polyethylene resin; the middle layer comprises low-density high-pressure polyethylene resin and medium-density linear polyethylene resin; the heat sealing layer comprises low-density high-pressure polyethylene resin, C2-C8 metallocene catalytic copolymer plastic resin, medium-density linear polyethylene resin and an opening agent master batch; the thickness of the coronalayer is 13-17 micron, the thickness of the middle layer is 18-22 micron, the thickness of the heat sealing layer is 13-17 micron, and the thickness of the aluminum atom accumulation layer is 330-380angstroms. The aluminized polyethylene blown film has high glossiness, the surface tension value can be kept at 35 dyne or above for a long time, and the composite peel strength is greatly improved.
Owner:HUANGSHAN NOVEL
Preparation method and application of organic liquid separation net film based on wettability differences
ActiveCN104959043AEasy to prepareRaw materials are easy to getSemi-permeable membranesLiquid separationTextile printerFiber
The invention relates to a preparation method and application of an organic liquid separation net film based on wettability differences. An inorganic oxide fiber net film prepared through an electrostatic spinning method serves as the base of the organic liquid separation net film. A surface chemical grafting method is adopted. The inorganic oxide fiber net film is embellished with a series of alkyl group molecular wrapping layers in different carbon chain lengths, and therefore the net film having different kinds of wettability on organic liquid can be obtained. The organic liquid separation net film has different wetting behaviors on various kinds of organic liquid, the wettability of the net film on the organic liquid can be regulated and controlled according to separation requirements, the organic liquid low in surface tension value can penetrate through the net film, and the organic liquid high in surface tension value is intercepted by the net film. The net film can be applied to separating heterogeneous organic liquid with different surface tension values and relates to various fields of petrochemical engineering, textile printing and dyeing, pharmacy, leather making, machining and the like.
Owner:BEIJING NATURE STONE SCI TECH DEVP
Cycloolefin-based film
It is the object of the present invention to provide a cycloolefin-based film which, when used as a substrate for a touch panel, shows high adhesion to a transparent conductive layer and excellent keyboard durability in a high-temperature high-humidity durability test, and has reduced display inconsistency. The cycloolefin-based film of the present invention is a cycloolefin-based film containing a cycloolefin-based polymer having at least a polar group, and comprises: an aromatic solvent in the range of 50-300 ppm; a halide-based solvent in the range of 300-800 ppm; and a non-aromatic solvent (excluding halide-based solvents) in the range of 300-6000 ppm, wherein the non-aromatic solvent has a solubility parameter value (SP value) in the range of 15-25 ((MPa)^1 / 2) and has a surface tension value in the range of 20-25 (mN / m).
Owner:KONICA MINOLTA INC
Ink for thermal ink jet printing with high performance at high ejection frequencies
Owner:TELECOM ITALIA SPA +1
Testing device and method for hanging-drop method solid surface free energy
The invention discloses a testing device and method for hanging-drop method solid surface free energy, and belongs to the technical field of interface chemistry analysis and testing. The device comprises a rotation mechanism capable of rotating for 360 degrees in a vertical surface, a lifting mechanism fixed on the rotation mechanism, an adjustable sample table fixed on the lifting mechanism, anda sample fixture fixed on the adjustable sample table. The testing device capable of rotating for 360 degrees is arranged to form a contact angle value of a solid material under a hanging-drop methodstate; the surface tension value of liquid during the hanging-drop method and a corrected 3D contact angle value are simultaneously tested to effectively avoid an obvious influence of the lagging contact angle on a testing result during hanging-drop method contact angle measurement, testing accuracy is improved, the scientificity and the reliability of a value testing result are improved, value testing accuracy is high, operation is convenient, and the device has a very high promotion value.
Owner:上海梭伦信息科技有限公司
Device and method for testing layered dynamic adsorption and interface rheology of molecular film
PendingCN111521527AImprove analysis accuracyIncrease credibilitySurface tension analysisPlatinumActive agent
The invention discloses a device and a method for testing layered dynamic adsorption and interface rheology of a molecular film, and belongs to the technical field of interface chemical analysis and testing. The method comprises: hanging a platinum plate below the analytical balance, and testing the meniscus contact angle of the corrected thin plate and the surface tension after buoyancy when theupper edge of the platinum plate is in contact with the liquid; immersing a U-shaped needle head into the tested liquid; testing the dynamic surface tension during hanging drop, to complete the dynamic adsorption test of the molecular films of different layers, and dynamically analyzing a change curve of a surface tension value along with time and a surface area; analyzing to obtain the dynamic adsorption of the corresponding molecular film and the modulus of the corresponding interface elastic coefficient. The method is particularly suitable for layered dynamic adsorption analysis of molecular films of surfactants and colloidal solutions and determination of interface rheological properties, greatly improves the analysis precision and the credibility of measured values, is wide in application industry field, and has extremely high popularization value.
Owner:上海梭伦信息科技有限公司
Polystyrene-graphene oxide composite bulk material, graphene-based porous bulk material and preparation methods of polystyrene-graphene oxide composite bulk material and graphene-based porous bulk material
ActiveCN109233124AAvoid crackingImprove rate charge and discharge performanceGrapheneOrganic solventEmulsion
The invention discloses a polystyrene-graphene oxide composite bulk material and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the steps as follows: a polystyrene microsphere emulsionand graphene oxide are mixed, an organic solvent which can be dissolved in water and has the surface tension value smaller than 40 mN / m IS ADDED, THE polystyrene microsphere emulsion are demulsifiedand coagulated, and the polystyrene-graphene oxide composite bulk material is obtained after drying. The preparation method is simple in process, green and safe. The invention also provides a preparation method of the graphene-based porous bulk material. According to the preparation method, the polystyrene-graphene oxide composite bulk material is calcined at high temperature in a protective atmosphere, so that the graphene-based porous bulk material adopting a porous structure is obtained and is applied to an electrode material of supercapacitors.
Owner:TIANJIN UNIV
Bore diameter measuring apparatus for porous material and measuring method thereof
InactiveCN101726271ALarge structural volumeSize structure volumeUsing fluid meansControl systemTest sample
The invention discloses a bore diameter measuring apparatus for porous material, which is a box-body structure; the bore diameter measuring apparatus comprises a mechanical part and an electronic measurement and control system, the mechanical part comprises a test head, a pressure regulation device, a detection valve, a pressure measurement device and a control panel arranged on the surface of the box body; a surface tension value of test fluid is only input in the bore diameter measuring apparatus, the maximum bore diameter value of a primary test sample is calculated; the invention further discloses a bore diameter measuring method of porous material; the porous material is completely humidified, test fluid with constant surface tension is used for soaking a sample, so as to lead the pore channel gap of the sample to be saturated and cause the air to pass through the sample pore gap soaked by the tested liquid forcibly, the pressure needed by bubbling a first air bubble from the gap is observed, and then the maximum pore diameter value r of the sample is calculated by a formula.
Owner:河南建中医疗器械包装有限公司
Droplet imaging method for interfacial rheological testing method and device
ActiveCN102954927BHigh precisionEasy to operateFlow propertiesSurface tension analysisEngineeringDiscretization
Owner:上海梭伦信息科技有限公司
Weighing principle based surface tension testing device and method of sandwich effect
PendingCN110146417ATo achieve the purpose of measurementExact surface tensionSurface tension analysisTest sampleInlet valve
The invention discloses a weighing principle based surface tension testing device and method of a sandwich effect, and belongs to the technical field of interface chemical analysis and test. The testdevice comprises a test sample cell, a test probe, a layered sample cell, a tee joint, a liquid inlet pump and a liquid storage pool, the layered sample cell is arranged in the middle portion of the test sample cell and divides the test sample cell into upper and lower accommodating areas, the layered sample cell includes a shunting tube through which the upper and lower accommodating areas are communicated in the test sample cell, the tee joint is communicated with the upper and lower accommodating areas in the test sample cell via upper and lower liquid inlet tubes respectively, the upper and lower liquid inlet tubes are provided with upper and lower liquid inlet valves respectively, the tee joint is also communicated with the liquid storage pool via a pipe, and the liquid inlet pump isarranged on the pipe. The surface tension value and dynamic adsorption time of the layers can be measured at the same time, the measuring precision is high, operation is convenient, and the device andmethod are worthy of popularization.
Owner:上海梭伦信息科技有限公司
Composite type biological surfactant and its production method
InactiveCN101086006BRich varietyIncrease varietyTransportation and packagingClimate change adaptationCritical micelle concentrationDistilled water
Owner:HUNAN UNIV
Digital ink-jet printing method
ActiveCN105484077ASolve the phenomenon of seepageReduce dosageFibre treatmentDyeing processDigital inkSurface-tension values
The invention discloses a digital ink-jet printing method. The digital ink-jet printing method comprises the following steps: measuring the bleeding rate of fabric, measuring the surface tension of a dye; setting piezoelectric pressure of a printing spray head to control the ink-jet amount of the printing spray head according to the bleeding rate of the selected fabric and the surface tension value of the selected dye; carrying out ink-jet printing; drying the ink after printing; and carrying out steaming, washing and drying; and in the step of setting the piezoelectric pressure of the printing spray head to control the ink-jet amount of the printing spray head according to the bleeding rate of the selected fabric and the surface tension value of the selected dye, the piezoelectric pressure of the printing spray head is determined after the bleeding rate of the dyes with different colors when mixed for dyeing, and the surface tension of the mixed dye on the corresponding fabric are measured respectively. Free from the thinking of the field, the bleeding phenomenon caused by diffusion of dye ink between the fabric and capillary tubes is well solved; the ink is saved; and the bleeding rate after the dyes with different colors are mixed is also considered.
Owner:中山市竹精纶纺织科技有限公司
Fluorocarbon-type concrete protective agent and preparation method thereof
The invention provides a concrete protective agent, comprising the following components by mass percent: 4-8% of fluorocarbon compound, 2-4% of cosolvent and the balance of deionized water. The concrete protective agent provided by the invention has high permeability, and can rapidly permeate into pores below the concrete surface; the depth can be up to 5-10mm; crosslinking reaction is carried out on the pore walls, so as to form a protective layer. The surface energy of the concrete is greatly reduced by the protective layer; the numerical value is not only much lower than the surface tension value of water, but also lower than the surface tension values of animal and vegetable fats and mineral oil; the concrete has waterproof and oilproof efficacies; adhesion of greasy dirt substances also can be effectively prevented. A method for preparing the concrete protective agent is also provided by the invention.
Owner:北京联绿技术集团有限公司
Method and system for measuring surface tension of liquid metal in welding pool in real time
ActiveCN113029872AIncrease sampling rateImprove signal-to-noise ratioSurface tension analysisLiquid metalMaterials science
The invention discloses a method and system for measuring the surface tension of liquid metal in a welding pool in real time. According to the method, the method comprises the steps of: projecting laser stripes reflected after light beams emitted by a laser irradiate the surface of a molten pool generating a molten pool oscillation phenomenon in real time, and obtaining the change condition of the laser stripes; measuring a molten pool temperature field image at the arc quenching moment; converting the laser stripe change condition into a molten pool oscillation time domain signal, and performing fast Fourier transform on the time domain signal to extract the molten pool oscillation frequency; according to a molten pool temperature field in the image, obtaining the average temperature of the surface of the molten pool under the temperature field, and calibrating and measuring the width of a metal melting point isotherm in the image to extract the front width of the molten pool; and substituting the molten pool oscillation frequency, the average temperature of the molten pool surface and the front width of the molten pool into the model to obtain the surface tension of the liquid metal of the welding pool at the current moment. According to the method, the surface tension value better fitting the reality can be obtained according to different welding conditions, the sampling rate is high, the signal-to-noise ratio is high, and equipment is simple.
Owner:LANZHOU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
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