101results about How to "Reduce the probability of burning" patented technology

A device for minimizing cigarette sidestream smoke and reducing free-burn rate of a burning cigarette is disclosed. The device comprises a non-combustible tubular element encasing an effective length of a tobacco charge of a cigarette located in the tubular element. The tubular element minimizes sidestream smoke emission from a burning tobacco charge and reduces free-burn rate of such burning tobacco charge to increase the number of puffs from the burning tobacco charge.

A system for providing air from a multi-stage to a turbine includes a turbine having a high pressure input port and a low pressure input port. The system also includes a compressor having at least one high pressure extraction air output and at least one low pressure extraction air output. A valve is fluidly connected to the at least one high pressure extraction air output, at least one low pressure extraction air output and low pressure input port of the turbine. The valve is selectively operated to fluidly connect the at least one low pressure extraction air output with the low pressure input port during normal operating conditions and fluidly connect the at least one high pressure extraction air output and the low pressure input port during a turn down condition or below design temperature operation to enhance turbine engine performance.

A compression ignition engine uses two or more fuel charges having two or more reactivities to control the timing and duration of combustion. In a preferred implementation, a lower-reactivity fuel charge is injected or otherwise introduced into the combustion chamber, preferably sufficiently early that it becomes at least substantially homogeneously dispersed within the chamber before a subsequent injection is made. One or more subsequent injections of higher-reactivity fuel charges are then made, and these preferably distribute the higher-reactivity matter within the lower-reactivity chamber space such that combustion begins in the higher-reactivity regions, and with the lower-reactivity regions following thereafter. By appropriately choosing the reactivities of the charges, their relative amounts, and their timing, combustion can be tailored to achieve optimal power output (and thus fuel efficiency), at controlled temperatures (and thus controlled NOx), and with controlled equivalence ratios (and thus controlled soot).

A combustion system for burning firewood including a combustion chamber defined by front, rear and side walls, a ceiling and a bottom. An access door is provided for addition of fuel into the combustion chamber. A substantial amount of combustion air enters the combustion chamber near the top of the fueling doors via apertures and is directed down the face of the fueling doors providing cooling. A geometry of the air metering orifice is either fixed or of limited adjustability such that the minimum flow of combustion air required for flaming combustion of a full load of fuel is maintained at all times. The combustion air flow cannot be reduced beyond a certain point and thus smoldering and very low air / fuel ratios are avoided. Since the air metering is tuned for proper flaming combustion with the largest expected fuel load and cannot be reduced further, fuel loads smaller than the design fuel load will result in higher air / fuel ratios, thus further ensuring that sufficient combustion air is present for sustained flaming. Furthermore, the minimum combustion air setting limits the amount of combustion air entering the combustion chamber such that too much air is not introduced resulting in inefficiency due to sensible heat loss, chemical loss (pollution), quenching of the flames, and undesirably high burn rates. Ideally, the burning rate of a full load of fuel is below 5 kg / hr, however, the maximum burn rate when burning a full load of fuel may be reduced to as low as 2 kg / hr depending on the size of the firebox and the desired maximum heating capacity of the appliance. Heat output is adjustable primarily by the amount of fuel added at each fuel loading.

A catalyst for oxychlorination reaction is prepared from Cu-contained alumina microspheres, RE metal chosen from La, Nd, Ce, Pr and Y, and at least one alkali metal through preparing the Cu-contained alumina microspheres and adding active components by impregnation method. Its advantages are high conversion rate of hydrogen chloride (99.75%), high purity of dichloroethane (99.6%), high output rate of dichloroethane (22 g / hr), high selectivity.

A delay unit (10) comprises a timing strip (14) and, optionally, a calibration strip (20) deposited on a substrate (12). The timing and calibration strips comprise energetic materials which optionally may comprise particles of nanosize materials, e.g., a fuel and an oxidizer, optionally applied as separate layers. A method of making the delay units comprises depositing onto a substrate (12) a timing strip (14) having a starting point (14d) and a discharge point (14e) and depositing onto the same or another substrate a calibration strip (20). Timing strip (14) and calibration strip (20) are of identical composition and are otherwise configured, e.g., thickness of the strips, to have identical burn rates. The calibration strip (20) is ignited and its burn rate is ascertained. The timing strip (14) is adjusted by an adjustment structure to attain a desired delay period, preferably on the basis that the burn rate of the timing strip (14) is substantially identical to that of the calibration strip (20) and ascertaining the burn rate of the calibration strip. The adjustment may be attained by one or more of providing the timing strip with jump gaps (164), an accelerant or retardant (166a, 166b), completing the timing strip with a bridging strip (14c), or establishing a selected effective length of the timing strip by positioning one or both of a pick-up charge (16) and relay charge (18) over a portion of the timing strip.