The invention relates to the field of comprehensive utilization of precious metal secondary resources, in particular to a pretreatment method of a precious metal-containing iron alloy. The pretreatment method of the precious metal-containing iron alloy sequentially comprises the following steps: A, pulverizing, B, conducting pressure alkaline leaching, C, carrying out liquid-solid separation, D, removing iron by acid dissolution, and E, performing liquid-solid separation. In the step A, the precious metal-containing iron alloy is processed into powder with the particle size of 30-300 meshes; in the step B, alkali is added into ferroalloy powder containing precious metal obtained in the step A, heating is conducted, and silicon in the alloy is subjected to pressure leaching; In the step C,feed liquid is cooled and filtered after the pressurized alkaline leaching reaction in the step B to obtain a silicon-containing leachate and alkaline leaching residues; in the step D, hydrochloric acid is added into the alkaline leaching residues obtained in the step C, and then water is added to enable the liquid-solid ratio to be 10: 1 so to be dissolved for 4 hours at normal temperature; and in the step E, the feed liquid is filtered after the acid dissolution iron removal reaction in the step D to obtain an iron-containing leachate and a precious metal-containing enriched material. According to the pretreatment method, the process is simple, the silicon removal rate is high, the iron removal rate is high, and the precious metal content in the precious metal-containing enriched material is increased.