The invention discloses a test device for realizing loading and unloading of different stress paths in rock holes. The test device comprises an electro-hydraulic servo loading / unloading system and an inner-hole loading / unloading executing mechanism, wherein the electro-hydraulic servo loading / unloading system comprises an oil tank, a hydraulic pump station, an electric control pressure adjusting system, a three-position four-way electro-hydraulic directional control valve, a pressurization system, a speed-adjusting unloading system, a high pressure pipeline and a control host machine; the inner-hole loading / unloading executing mechanism is formed by assembling a hydraulic pressure bag, an inner-outer lock, a pressing nut, an L-shaped elbow, a joint, a rigid pressing plate with a U-shaped slot and a supporting block. The test device has a compact structure, is suitable for rock true triaxial and conventional triaxial tester, can be used for loading / unloading central holes of the rock sample, wherein the hole depths are 1 to 1.5 times of the length of the hydraulic pressure bag and the cross sections are circular, oval, square and arc, can be used for realizing the quick uniform loading of multiple stress paths in rock holes and the quick synchronous reconstruction of the stress gradient at each point in the rock sample and also can be used for preventing the hydraulic oil from invading the rock sample and influencing the mechanical property.