2126 results about "Chemical measurement" patented technology

A method for forming an electrolytic capacitor is disclosed. The method includes forming a conductive polymer coating by polymerizing a monomer in the presence of less than a stoichiometric amount of an oxidative polymerization catalyst. The present inventor has found that the use of less than the stoichiometric amount of the oxidative polymerization catalyst per mole of monomer can slow the polymerization of the monomer, creating oligomers that are shorter in length than if fully polymerized into a polymer. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that these shorter oligomers provide better penetration into the porous anode. Thus, the resulting conductive polymer layer can be more intimately positioned with respect to the anode. As a result, the formed capacitor can exhibit better performance.

Fuel management system for enhanced operation of a spark ignition gasoline engine. Injectors inject an anti-knock agent such as ethanol directly into a cylinder. It is preferred that the direct injection occur after the inlet valve is closed. It is also preferred that stoichiometric operation with a three way catalyst be used to minimize emissions. In addition, it is also preferred that the anti-knock agents have a heat of vaporization per unit of combustion energy that is at least three times that of gasoline.

The present invention relates to a method for gas-solid contacting in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor by:(a) introducing into a reactor with bed length to bed diameter ratio below about 5.0, a primary gas consisting essentially of reactant(s) of the reaction to be carried out in the bed of solid particles through a primary gas distributor located at the reactor bottom at a superficial gas velocity Up, which is very close or equivalent to the minimum fluidization velocity Umf, required for achieving the incipient fluidization of the solid particles in the bed to obtain an emulsion phase consisting essentially of the solid particles and the primary gas with little or no formation of gas bubbles to achieve incipient fluidization or liquid-like behavior of fluidizable solid particles;(b) forming gas bubbles in the incipiently fluidized bed by introducing through a secondary gas distributor located immediately above the primary gas distributor a secondary gas, selected from one of the reactants which is used in excess of that required for the reaction stoichiometry, steam, an inert or a mixture of two or more thereof at a superficial gas velocity, Us, which is related to the superficial velocity of the primary gas such that a ratio of the superficial velocity of the secondary gas to the superficial velocity of the primary gas Us / Up, is in the range from about 0.5 to about 10.0, preferably from about 1 to about 5.

Ambient air is compressed into a compressed ambient gas flow with a main air compressor. The compressed ambient gas flow having a compressed ambient gas flow rate is delivered to a turbine combustor and mixed with a fuel stream having a fuel stream flow rate and a portion of a recirculated gas flow to form a combustible mixture. The combustible mixture is burned and forms the recirculated gas flow that drives a turbine. The recirculated gas flow is recirculated from the turbine to the turbine compressor using a recirculation loop. At least one emission level is measured by at least a first emission sensor in the recirculated gas flow and at least a first control signal is generated. The fuel stream flow rate is adjusted based on the at least a first control signal to achieve substantially stoichiometric combustion.

Part load operating point for a controlled auto-ignition four-stroke internal combustion engine is reduced without compromising combustion stability through load dependent valve controls and fueling strategies. Optimal fuel economy is achieved by employing negative valve overlap to trap and re-compress combusted gases below a predetermined engine load and employing exhaust gas re-breathing above the predetermined engine load. Split-injection fuel controls are implemented during low and intermediate part load operation whereas a single-injection fuel control is implemented during high part load operation. Split-injections are characterized by lean fuel / air ratios and single-injections are characterized by either lean or stoichiometric fuel / air ratios. Controlled autoignition is thereby enabled through an extended range of engine loads while maintaining acceptable combustion stability and emissions at optimal fuel economy.

This invention is a reactor and a process for the conversion of organic waste material such as municipal trash, sewage, post-consumer refuse, and biomass to commercially salable materials.The invention produces the following:1. Maximum energy conversion from the organic material2. High volume consumption of the organic feed material3. Less pollution of gaseous products than prior art systems4. Solid residuals for disposal are minimal and non-hazardous.The conversion is accomplished by combining anaerobic gasification and pyrolysis of the feed organic material and making it into synthetic gas. The synthetic gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons (CxHy), hydrogen, and carbon monoxide with small amounts of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. An essential feature of the invention is a hot driver gas, devoid of free oxygen and rich in water, which supplies the entire thermal and chemical energy needed for the reactions. This hot driver gas is produced by complete sub-stoichiometric combustion of the fuel (CxHy) before it enters the reactor.

The present invention provides an apparatus and method for high resolution spectroscopy (approximately 10 picometer wavelength resolution) using a tunable optical filter (TOF) for analyzing a formation fluid sample downhole and at the surface to determine formation fluid parameters. The analysis comprises determination of gas oil ratio, API gravity and various other fluid parameters which can be estimated after developing correlations to a training set of samples using a neural network or a chemometric equation.