The invention provides a multi-parameter measuring device based on a taper polarization-maintaining fiber grating photoelectric oscillator comprising the following devices connected in sequence: a laser, a first polarization controller, a phase modulator, an optical fiber, a second polarization controller, a circulator, a photodetector, an electric amplifier, a coupler and a signal acquisition andprocessing unit, wherein a laser signal emitted by the source of the laser enters the phase modulator through the first polarization controller, the signal output from the phase modulator enters theoptical fiber for transmission, the output of the optical fiber is connected to the second polarization controller, the signal output from the second polarization controller enters the 1# port of thecirculator, a taper polarization-maintaining fiber grating sensor is arranged, the signal output from the 2# port of the circulator enters the taper polarization-maintaining fiber grating sensor, thetaper polarization-maintaining fiber grating sensor reflects part of the signal, the reflected signal enters the circulator through the 2# port of the circulator, and the signal output from the 3# port of the circulator enters the photodetector.