36 results about "Vapor cloud" patented technology

An EUV radiation source that employs a low energy laser pre-pulse and a high energy laser main pulse. The pre-pulse generates a weak plasma in the target area that improves laser absorption of the main laser pulse to improve EUV radiation emissions. High energy ion flux is reduced by collisions in the localized target vapor cloud generated by the pre-pulse. Also, the low energy pre-pulse arrives at the target area 20-200 ns before the main pulse for maximum output intensity. The timing between the pre-pulse and the main pulse can be reduced below 160 ns to provide a lower intensity of the EUV radiation. In one embodiment, the pre-pulse is split from the main pulse by a suitable beam splitter having the proper beam intensity ratio, and the main pulse is delayed to arrive at the target area after the pre-pulse.

A multilayered ceramic topcoat of a thermal barrier coating system is useful for high temperature corrosive applications such as hot section components in gas turbine engines. The ceramic topcoat includes at least two layers, each having generally columnar grain microstructures with different grain orientation directions. A preferred method of producing the multilayered ceramic topcoat includes positioning a superalloy substrate at a first angled orientation relative to a ceramic vapor cloud in an electron beam physical vapor deposition apparatus for a time sufficient to grow a first ceramic layer. The substrate is then reoriented to a second, different angled orientation for a time sufficient to grow a second ceramic layer. The ceramic layers exhibit columnar microstructures having respective grain orientation directions which are related to the first and second substrate orientations. For uniformly coating a complex contoured surface such as a turbine blade airfoil, the blade can be rotated during coating deposition at each angled orientation. Alternatively, the article may be continuously reoriented according to a predetermined speed cycle to produce generally arcuate, sinusoidal, helical, or other columnar grain microstructures.

A metal catalyst is formed by vaporizing a quantity of metal and a quantity of carrier forming a vapor cloud. The vapor cloud is quenched forming precipitate nanoparticles comprising a portion of metal and a portion of carrier. The nanoparticles are impregnated onto supports. The supports are able to be used in existing heterogeneous catalysis systems. A system for forming metal catalysts comprises means for vaporizing a quantity of metals and a quantity of carrier, quenching the resulting vapor cloud and forming precipitate nanoparticles comprising a portion of metals and a portion of carrier. The system further comprises means for impregnating supports with the nanoparticles.

A metal catalyst is formed by vaporizing a quantity of metal and a quantity of carrier forming a vapor cloud. The vapor cloud is quenched forming precipitate nanoparticles comprising a portion of metal and a portion of carrier. The nanoparticles are impregnated onto supports. The supports are able to be used in existing heterogeneous catalysis systems. A system for forming metal catalysts comprises means for vaporizing a quantity of metals and a quantity of carrier, quenching the resulting vapor cloud and forming precipitate nanoparticles comprising a portion of metals and a portion of carrier. The system further comprises means for impregnating supports with the nanoparticles.

An oxide catalyst is formed by vaporizing a quantity of at least one precursor material or catalyst material thereby forming a vapor cloud. The vapor cloud is quenches forming precipitate nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are impregnated onto supports. The supports are able to be used in existing heterogeneous catalyst systems. A system for forming oxide catalysts comprises components for vaporizing a quantity of at least one precursor material or at least one catalyst material, quenching the resulting vapor cloud and forming precipitate nanoparticles. The system further comprises components for supports with the nanoparticles.

Physical vapor deposition techniques are used to coat fine particulates suspended in a fluidization gas. In one embodiment, an electron beam is directed toward a target comprising a coating material to generate a vapor of the material which is subjected to a flow of carrier gas. The resultant directional physical vapor deposition cloud is introduced into a fluidized bed chamber which contains fine powder particulates to be coated suspended in the fluidization gas. As the directional vapor cloud passes through the fluidized bed, the suspended particulates are coated with the coating material. The fluidized bed may comprise a recirculating or non-recirculating fluidized bed. The system may be used to produce substantially unagglomerated fine powders having many different types of coatings.

Onboard systems and methods for early detection that an aircraft has flown into a volcanic ash plume embedded within a water vapor cloud having a concentration of a volcanic ash which would be dangerous to an aircraft. The detection method generally comprises the steps of measuring the infrared emission characteristics of a jet engine exhaust and generating a detection signal when the intensity of infrared emissions at or near a spectral peak wavelength exceeds a threshold.

A composite target is placed in a chamber. The target is in the form of a bar made of ceramic powder and it presents composition that is not uniform in the longitudinal direction. At least one substrate is introduced into the chamber in order to have formed thereon a ceramic coating with a composition gradient. The top face of the bar is swept by an electron beam so as to melt the bar material at its top face and form a vapor cloud in the chamber under low pressure. A bar is used that presents a plurality of superposed layers of different compositions, with the composition within each layer being uniform over the entire cross-section of the bar. Each layer of the bar comprises zirconia and at least one oxide selected from the oxides of nickel, cobalt, iron, yttrium, hafnium, cerium, lanthanum, tantalum, niobium, scandium, samarium, gadolinium, dysprosium, ytterbium, and aluminum.

A process and apparatus for depositing a ceramic coating on a component. The process involves a technique for evaporating an evaporation source containing multiple different oxide compounds, at least one of the oxide compounds having a vapor pressure that is higher than the remaining oxide compounds, to depositing a coating of the multiple oxide compounds. A high energy beam is projected onto the evaporation source to melt and form a vapor cloud of the oxide compounds of the evaporation source, while preventing the vapor cloud from contacting and condensing on the component during an initial phase in which the relative amount of the one oxide compound in the vapor cloud is greater than its relative amount in the evaporation source. During a subsequent phase in which the relative amount of the one oxide compound in the vapor cloud has decreased to something approximately equal to its relative amount in the evaporation source, the vapor cloud is allowed to contact and condense on the component to form the coating.

In a method of preparing a storage phosphor or a scintillator layer on a support by vapor depositing from a crucible unit in a vapor deposition apparatus, while heating as phosphor or scintillator precursor raw materials a matrix component and an activator component or a precursor component thereof, said crucible unit comprises a bottom and surrounding side walls as a container for the said phosphor or scintillator precursor raw materials present in said crucible, said crucible is provided with an internal lid with perforations (5) and said crucible unit further comprises a chimney as part of the said crucible unit and a slit allowing molten, liquefied phosphor or scintillator precursor raw materials to escape in vaporized form under reduced pressure from said crucible unit in order to become deposited as a phosphor or scintillator layer onto said support; and at least one heating means (1) in the chimney (2) is positioned under a heat shield with a slit (3) and a slot outlet (3′), covering thereby said crucible unit and making part of said chimney (2), so that said heating means (1) cannot be observed when looking into the vaporization unit through said slot outlet (3′) from any point in the plane of the said support present as a vapor deposition target in the said vapor deposition apparatus and, while vaporizing said phosphor or scintillator precursor raw materials, a vapor cloud escapes from said slot outlet (3′) in the direction of the said support so that the ratio of the longest radius of the said vapor cloud versus the radius perpendicular thereto, when projected onto the phosphor or scintillator plate or panel from whatever an intersection through the said vapor cloud between slot outlet (3′) and support is at least 1.3, said intersection being taken parallel with the said support.

The invention discloses a determination method and an apparatus of liquid hydrocarbon evaporation capacity and diffusion concentration of vapor cloud. The method comprises recording mass changes of heated liquid in an open cup by using an electronic scale, calculating the evaporation capacity of liquid hydrocarbons under different operating time and temperature by using the law of conservation of mass; using a concentration sensor to determine concentrations of hydrocarbon vapors with different heights from a liquid level of the open cup, recording the ambient temperature when the liquid hydrocarbon evaporates by a temperature sensor, and recording concentration distribution of vapor cloud diffusion of liquid hydrocarbon with different heights from the liquid surface under different operation time and different ambient temperature conditions by using a gas diffusion principle. The method fully uses the law of conservation of mass, and characteristics of volatile liquid hydrocarbon, constant temperature ovens, sensors and data analysis software, realizes determination of the liquid hydrocarbon evaporation capacity and the diffusion concentration of vapor cloud through physical principles, and has important meaning for prevention and controlling of explosion disaster caused by diffusion of vapor cloud of liquid hydrocarbon in reality.

The invention discloses a method for determining the leakage pollution range of a hazardous chemical substance, and the method comprises the following steps: s1, determining a simulation scene, and obtaining the meteorological and hydrological information, geographic feature information and leakage source information of a leakage accident generation region; s2, establishing a three-dimensional geometric model of an area near the leakage source, and performing mesh generation; s3, importing the grid into a fluid flow module in finite element analysis software; s4, setting material characteristics and boundary conditions in finite element analysis software according to the information acquired in the step s1, meanwhile, judging whether the leaked substances have phase change or not, and setting an inter-phase mass transfer model according to the phase change type; s5, selecting an appropriate convergence condition and a sub-relaxation factor, calculating a step length, and carrying out numerical calculation; and s6, after calculation is finished, analyzing a result to obtain concentration field distribution, diffusion velocity field distribution and diffusion path data of the leakedsubstances. According to the method, the diffusion ranges of the liquid-phase hazardous chemical substance and the vapor cloud thereof can be determined at the same time, and a hazardous chemical substance concentration distribution cloud chart is provided.

An apparatus and method for monitoring and / or controlling cryogenic cooling by measuring the opacity of the vapor cloud (113) generated from a cryogenic cooling device (112). The opacity is determined by measuring the reduction in intensity of a light beam (127) passed through the vapor cloud (113). The opacity measurements are used to control an operating parameter of the system, such as the cooling rate of the cryogenic cooling device (112). The opacity measurements may be normalized to compensate for variables, other than temperature of the workpiece (119) and cooling rate, which may affect the opacity of the vapor cloud (113).

A mist generator is used to deliver a high throughput extremely fine mist comprising a biocide. Flows of evaporating hot gas mix turbulently and enhance forced heat and mass transfer between the very fine droplets and the hot gas to form a well-mixed premixed evaporator, resulting in high humidity vapor formation well inside a tube. The high relative humidity vapor with elevated temperature is then condensed as it exits the tube and disperses into the volume to be decontaminated as a condensed vapor cloud, but neither as a mist nor as a pure vapor depending on temperature and humidity of room environment. The condensed vapor cloud may evaporate or settle on the volume surfaces and contents, whereby both dry vapor and condensed vapor are applied into the volume for the killing process.

The invention discloses a sheet laser back reflection synergism welding method for regulating a back face energy field with an auxiliary electric field. The sheet laser back reflection synergism welding method is characterized in that direct currents are introduced between a welded sheet and a reflection cushion plate on the back face to construct a parallel-plate capacitor; the characteristic that the parallel-plate capacitor generates the even-strength electric field is used for regulating the dispersion degree and directivity of a metal vapor cloud on the back face of a welded part, and therefore it is ensured that the directivity and the concentricity of the metal vapor cloud generated due to induction of the reflection cushion plate are good when the metal vapor cloud acts back to a back face welding area again; and thus, the efficiency of the back face energy field can be improved by 6%-14% compared with the efficiency generated when the auxiliary electric field is not additionally arranged, and the protection effect of the back face energy field on the back face welding area is improved.

The invention relates to a disastrous consequence predication method of a CNG (compressed natural gas) filling station. The method comprises the steps of 1, removing background of an image by the differential method; 2, performing binarization processing for the image by the automatic threshold method; 3, performing median filter to remove various interference noises in the image; 4, calculating region area. According to the method, dangerous region correction factors are utilized, so that the result of the existing natural gas leakage disastrous consequence evaluation mode meets the actual condition; the influence of the barrier distribution and meteorological conditions is taken into account; FLUENT software is utilized to simulate the natural gas leakage dispersion condition, and the dangerous region correction factors are calculated according to the simulation result; the existing vapor cloud explosion quantitative evaluation model and API pub 581 quantitative consequence evaluation model are corrected through the correction factors, and therefore, the evaluation result meets the actual condition.

The invention relates to a test system for unconfined-space vapor cloud explosion chain reaction and a test method of the test system. The test system and the test method are used for simulating unconfined-space vapor cloud explosion and obtaining the pressure and flame development process generated by the explosion for further study of the chain explosion transmission effect among combustible vapor clouds. The system comprises a bottom plate, an ignition device, a gas preparation system, a high-speed camera, a pressure sensor, a data acquisition system and a polyvinyl chloride film, wherein the bottom plate is used as the aluminum alloy bottom plate of a test platform, and the ignition device is communicated with the bottom plate and used for igniting the combustible vapor clouds; the gaspreparation system is communicated with the bottom plate and can prepare combustible gas and air premixed gas according to concentration requirements; the high-speed flame camera is mounted on one side of the system through a bracket and used for recording flame images during explosion; the pressure sensor is mounted on the bottom plate and used for recording pressure data during explosion; the data acquisition system records and analyzes the data in real time and transmits the data to a computer; the polyvinyl chloride film is used for fixing the combustible gas to form the unconfined-spacehemispherical vapor clouds.

A process and apparatus for depositing a ceramic coating, such as a thermal barrier coating (TBC) for a gas turbine engine component. The process deposits a coating whose composition includes multiple oxide compounds and a carbon-based constituent, e.g., elemental carbon, carbides, and carbon-based gases. The process uses at least one evaporation source to provide multiple different oxide compounds and at least one carbide compound comprising carbon and an element. The evaporation source is evaporated to produce a vapor cloud that contacts and condenses on the component surface to form the ceramic coating, and particularly so that the coating comprises the oxide compounds, an oxide of the element of the carbide compound, and the carbide compound and / or a carbon-containing gas. The process is carried out with an apparatus comprising a coating chamber in which the evaporation source is present, and a device for evaporating the evaporation source.

The invention provides a device for simulating the explosion of combustible cloud and steam cloud in confined spaces. According to the device, a size-variable collapsible frame is designed; combustible gas cloud explosion process model experiments in confined spaces of different structures can be carried out; a liquid atomization module is additionally adopted; combustible vapor cloud explosion process model experiments in confined spaces of different structures can be also carried out; since various test sensors are installed in the installation holes of the device, and the five surfaces of the explosion device are all transparent, the combustion and explosion mechanisms of combustible gas cloud and steam cloud in the confined spaces of different structures can be researched with appropriate optical measurement technologies.

An apparatus and method for monitoring and / or controlling cryogenic cooling by measuring the opacity of the vapor cloud (113) generated from a cryogenic cooling device (112). The opacity is determined by measuring the reduction in intensity of a light beam (127) passed through the vapor cloud (1 13). The opacity measurements are used to control an operating parameter of the system, such as the cooling rate of the cryogenic cooling device (1 12). The opacity measurements may be normalized to compensate for variables, other than temperature of the workpiece (119) and cooling rate, which may affect the opacity of the vapor cloud (113).

An apparatus for depositing a ceramic coating on a component. The apparatus is configured to make use of an evaporation source containing multiple different oxide compounds, in which at least one of the oxide compounds has a vapor pressure that is higher than the remaining oxide compounds. The apparatus is operable to introduce the evaporation source into a coating chamber, suspend the component near the evaporation source, and project a high-energy beam on the evaporation source to melt and form a vapor cloud having a composition comprising the oxide compounds of the evaporation source. The apparatus includes a feature that prevents the vapor cloud from contacting and condensing on the component during an initial phase of operation, and subsequently permit and then again prevent the vapor cloud from contacting and condensing on the component during subsequent phases of operation in response to changes in the composition of the vapor cloud.

The invention relates to a method for evaluating combustible vapor cloud explosion, which mainly solves the problems of poor precision and low evaluation speed in the prior art. A method for evaluatethat explosion of combustible vapor cloud comprises the follow steps of: (1) establishing a full-scale three-dimensional physical model of a leakage core area; (2) calculating the amount of combustible gas leaked out according to the credible accident scenario; (3) Based on N-S equation, continuity equation and energy equation, calculating The combustion energy of explosive source quantitatively and determining the intensity grade of explosive source. (4) According to the combustion energy and the intensity level of the explosive source, the Sachs analogy overpressure can be calculated, so theexplosive shock wave value in the far field can be calculated, which can be used to evaluate the explosion of the combustible vapor cloud.

The invention relates to an automatic explosion suppression device of water mist of vaporous cloud explosion induced by release premixed flame and explosion suppression method thereof. The automatic explosion suppression device comprises a gas explosion venting device, a hemispherical vapor cloud device and an explosion suppression device; the gas explosion venting device is composed of a gas channel, a reducing joint and an explosion venting port channel; a sensor is installed in the middle inner cavity of the gas channel; an explosion venting port is formed in the tail end of the explosion venting port channel; the hemispherical vapor cloud device is composed of hemispherical diaphragm seal premixed gas; the explosion suppression device is composed of a sensor, a controller and an explosion suppression machine, the explosion suppression machine is composed of a high pressure water pipe, a high pressure valve, a electromagnetism valve and a spray nozzle device. When a channel is overpressure and reaches a set value of a rupture disk, the rupture disk is cracked; pipe flame signal is received through the sensor and order is given through the controller, so that cooling and the fireextinction of the premixed flame and hemispherical vaporous cloud are carried through the spray nozzle device. According to the automatic explosion suppression device of the water mist of vaporous cloud explosion induced by the release premixed flame and the explosion suppression method thereof, structure is reasonable, practicality is high, dismantle is facilitated and change is convenient, multiple explosion suppression details are considered and explosion suppression is scientific and efficient.

Systems and methods for reducing an overpressure caused by an explosion of a vapor cloud are provided. In one or more embodiments, the system can include one or more sensors operable to detect the explosion of the vapor cloud. The system can also include one or more igniters operable to ignite the vapor cloud at locations throughout, after the explosion of the vapor cloud is detected, to provide a discrete combustion zone at each location. Each combustion zone can form a discrete pressure wave, thereby reducing the overpressure caused by the explosion of the vapor cloud.

The invention discloses a method and a system for evaluating the explosion danger range of stored chemical raw materials or products, and the method comprises the steps: collecting the name and type of combustible liquid or combustible gas through corresponding equipment, mass, TNT equivalency factor of corresponding steam cloud, combustion heat, and TNT explosion heat, collecting a peak value of shock waves causing severe injury of personnel, a peak value of shock waves causing light injury of personnel, environment pressure and the like, and giving explosion danger ranges of a death radius R1, a severe injury radius R2 and a light injury radius R3 by applying a VCE (Vapor Cloud Explosion) model. On one hand, reference is provided for chemical industry parks and chemical industry enterprises to safely manage chemical raw materials or product storage areas, on the other hand, reference is provided for an emergency management department to formulate a safety rescue range for fire fighting, and fire fighting and disaster relief work can be conveniently completed under the condition that safety is guaranteed.