395 results about "Fertilized Ovums" patented technology

The present invention is artificial breeding method and incubator for Shatang carp. The artificial breeding method includes the steps of parent fish breeding, spawning and fertilization, hatching and carp fry culturing. After intensified parent fish breeding, temperature control, flow water stimulation and other method are taken to promote the synchronous spawning and fertilization of parent fishes, the fertilized eggs on tiles are sterilized and hatched in a special hatching device, and the hatched carp fries are cultured in a special cement pond. The artificial hatching device is one rectangular hatching tank with shield, ventilating water circulating pump, water level and water flow controlling mechanism. The technology of the present invention is suitable for large scale production of Shatang carp fry.

The invention relates to a method of industrial and artificial breeding of Epinephelus, which is applicable to the breeding of Epinephelus malabaricus and E.coioides. The method comprises the following steps: (1) treating a nursery pond and water; (2) preparing before breeding; (3) putting larval fishes of Epinephelus or germ cells; (4) controlling the quality of the breeding water body; and (5) feeding baits. The method is applied to conduct the industrial and artificial breeding, so that the water quality of the breeding is stable, the output for the unit water body breeding is high, the bred sizes of advanced fries are uniform, no antibacterial drugs are used, no special breeding is conducted to unicellular alga, no bottom-attaching happens in the process of breeding, and the operation is simple.

The invention discloses a method for establishing an immunodeficiency mouse model. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) constructing DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which enables functions of an immune related gene in a mouse cell to be lost; (2) purifying mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid), and cryopreserving in a super-purified water of RNAase free; (4) feeding a pregnant female mouse and a pseudopregnant female mouse under an SPF (specific pathogen free) level feeding condition; (5) taking a fallopian tube from the abdominal cavity of the pregnant female mouse in the step (4), and collecting fertilized ovum; (6) injecting the mRNA obtained in the step (3) into the pronucleus of the fertilized ovum in the step (5) by using a microinjection method; (7) transplanting the fertilized ovum obtained in the step (6) into the body of the pseudopregnant female mouse obtained in the step (4), and enabling the pseudopregnant female mouse to culture the second generation; (8) establishing a stable deficient mouse strain. The method has the advantages that a mouse model which completely does not have immunological rejection to allotransplantation can be obtained for testing.

The invention discloses a manufacturing method of Chinese caterpillar fungus, which is characterized by the following: establishing greenhouse booth moth culturing field according to culturing temperature and moisture; reducing the danger of natural enemy of moth to accelerate weak plant root of herb and bush; releasing certain quantity of moth fertilized ovum, larva, pupal or and imagine in the culturing field; elevating moth larva breeding density with 110-3500000 per hectareha; breeding the moth from one year to 6-8 years within 365-425d; forming sac fungus; collecting 530000-1570000 Chinese caterpillar fungus per hectareha.

The invention discloses a method for comprehensively regulating and controlling verasper moseri gonad maturity and ovulation by using temperature, illumination and nutrition. The method comprises the following steps: regulating and controlling synchronous development of parent fish gonads by using temperature and illumination in 2 to 3 mouths before a breeding season begins; adding additives such as lecithin and the like into baits to promote nutrition absorption of parent fish when the parent fish gonad development is started; and increasing fed clam worms every day to promote final maturity and quality promotion of oocytes after the parent fish gonads are developed to a III period. The ovulating parent fish rate under the regulation and control of the method is up to 85 percent, and the spawning effect is good. The method can be used for scale production of offspring seeds; and by using the method, mass good-quality germ cells can be obtained, and smooth operation of offspring seed breeding can be ensured.

The invention relates to a facility fry-rearing method for grouper in a large water body of an outdoor cement pool. The facility fry-rearing method comprises the following steps of: fry-rearing facility building and water treatment, preparation before fry-rearing, incubation for fertilized eggs, feeding for bait, regulation and control for fry-rearing water body and the like, wherein fries can be caught when the whole lengths of the fries achieve 2.5 cm. The facility fry-rearing method disclosed by the invention is simple in operation, adopts a stable fry-rearing water body condition, has the advantages of being high in fry-rearing success rate, stable in survival rate, simple in operation and the like in case of no use of any antibacterial agent during the whole fry-rearing process, and is suitable for facility fry-rearing for many species of grouper in a large water body of an outdoor cement pool; and an effective way is provided for the formation of large-scale production in the aspect of artificial fry-rearing for grouper.

The injector of the present invention (10) comprises a heat-retaining tube (12), an outer pipe (18) for inserting into a uterus which is fixed parallel to a front end of the heat-retaining tube (12), a syringe (22) for injection inserted into the heat-retaining tube (12) from the rear end of the heat-retaining tube (12), an elastic and flexible tube for injection (24) which is connected to the front end of the syringe (22) and is pulled out of the front end of the heat-retaining tube and is inserted slidably into inside of the hollow of the outer pipe (18),and a discharge nozzle (28) which is mounted integrally to the front end of the tube (24) and projects from the front end of the tube (18), and in which a portion between a projecting position from the heat-retaining tube (12) and the outer pipe (18) is regarded as a surplus length portion (24a) and the surplus length portion (24a) is paid out in a state that the outer pipe (18) is inserted to a given depth in a uterus, thereby making the discharge nozzle (28) reach to the deep portion of the uterus along the shape of the uterus.

The invention discloses a method for breeding allogynogenetic crucian carp fry at a low temperature. The method comprises the following steps of preparing a male and female parent fish dedicated culture pond, selecting and breeding male and female parent fishes, carrying out hasten parturition on the male and female parent fishes, enabling the male and female parent fishes to lay eggs and be fertilized, enabling fertilized eggs to unstick, hatching the fertilized eggs, demolding and breeding the fertilized eggs into small fry, and breeding the small fry into large-size allogynogenetic crucian carp summer flower fry by sending the small fry into the culture pond. According to the method disclosed by the invention, high-quality allogynogenetic crucian carp fry can be bred when the temperature is low in Spring, and the emergence rate and the survival rate of the allogynogenetic crucian carp fry are very high; the production demands of the allogynogenetic crucian carp fry can be ensured, and the economic benefit of an allogynogenetic crucian carp breeding user can be greatly increased; the sustainable development of an allogynogenetic crucian carp breeding industry and the whole ecological benefit, the economic benefit and the social benefit of a fish farming industry can be greatly increased.

The invention discloses an artificial breeding method of Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus. The artificial breeding method includes selecting parent fishes with ovaries and testes growing to V phase for artificial ovum collection and sperm collection, mixing to fully contact the ova with sperm, adding 40-80ml of isotonic solution, mixing well gain, adding 300-1000ml of fresh water into a container, continuing mixing well, finishing fertilization, and cleaning the fertilized ova in the container slowly to activate the sperms, placing the fertilized ova into a hatching net cage according to the density of 5-15 ova / cm<2>, placing the hatching net cage into a hatching tray, and placing the hatching tray into a hatching tank for hatching.

The invention discloses a method for the three-dimensional and artificial seedlings cultivation of the perinereis aibuhitensis, which mainly comprises the steps of: (1) fishing and disinfecting the heteronereis; (2) laying eggs, hatching and cultivating the planktonic larva; (3) three-dimensionally cultivating the benthic larvae; and (4) seedling emerging. The key measures comprise the steps of: putting four setiger intermediate-later stage nectochaete into a polyethylene water tank for the three-dimensional cultivation, cultivating by flowing water, and properly mixing the single-cell algae, the EM (effective microorganisms) bacterium with various artificial baits. After the measures are used, the density of the larvae is reduced, the mutual massacre among the individuals is reduced, the nutritional requirement of each-stage larva and the good and stable water quality environment are guaranteed, the survival rate of the larva is greatly improved, the breeding rate from the fertilized ovum to the sand silkworm seedling with the length of 1cm reaches at 42.3%, and the seedling yield per unit area is improved at 11.4*104 numbers / m<2>, so that the survival rate, the breeding rate and the seedling yield per unit area are greatly improved compared with the existing seedlings cultivation mode. The method is convenient to operate, can prevent the seedlings from being damaged caused by sand flushing and seedling driving, and is good for the long-distance transporting and the planting of the seedlings.

The invention relates to the technical field of breeding for seafood seeds, in particular to a method for industrially breeding king salmon fry. The method includes steps of comprehensively treating fry breeding water; releasing fertilized eggs; manufacturing fry breeding initial feed; biologically regulating and managing the quality of the fry breeding water; performing classification and pond distributing management on the fry, and the like. The temperature, the illumination, the transparency, dissolved oxygen, the salinity, a pH (potential of hydrogen) value, harmful substances, disease organisms and the like of each indoor isolated fry breeding pond are effectively controlled, so that fry breeding environmental conditions are optimized, the stress resistance and the disease resistance of the fry are improved, the quality of the fry is enhanced, and a survival rate of the fry is increased. The method has the advantages that a key technology for breeding the king salmon fry is implemented, an efficient and environment-friendly fry breeding mode is provided, a novel high-end aquaculture variety is additionally provided for the marine aquaculture industry, and a gap in technologies for breeding the king salmon fry in China is filled.

The invention relates to a rapid and efficient method for breeding tilapias, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: utilizing GIFT strain Nile tilapias of 60 families introduced from the Malaysia Worldfish Center as a basic breeding colony; separating tilapia fries of different families into different net cages for breeding; respectively selecting 30 fries from each family, and injecting a radio frequency identification to a fry abdominal cavity with an injector to identify individuals; breeding the fries before a propagation season of the next year, and measuring body weight, body length, body height and body thickness data of all identified tilapias; estimating a breeding value of each fringetail according to a BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) method by utilizing ASREML software; selecting male tilapias with the estimated breeding values of the top 60 and female tilapias with the estimated breeding values of the top 120, and carrying out nest mating propagation in the ratio of 1:2 of the male tilapia to the female tilapia to establish a family of the second generation; taking out oosperms from the oral cavity of the female tilapia which spawns, and transferring the oosperms into a hatcher to carry out hatching of running water. The rapid and efficient method for breeding the tilapias can avoid the problem of inbreeding depression caused by inbreeding, thereby being capable of carrying out breeding for a long period of time.

A method for the oviposition and incubation of poulpe includes such steps as temporary culture of parents, repening the sex gland of parents, arranging ovum collectors which are the PVC tube with 20-30 cm in length, oxytocia, moving the female poulpes along with said ovum collectors in a netted cage, aerating while incubating, collecting larvae, and culturing in pool. Its netted cage for incubation is also disclosed.

The invention provides an artificial sea bass breeding method suitable for river mouth areas. According to the method, the artificial sea bass breeding suitable for the river mouth areas is realized by virtue of the steps of parent sea bass selection and domestication, parent fish reproduction, fertilized ovum incubation, indoor fry cultivation, outdoor fry cultivation, fry screening and fry taking-out. The method is used for solving the key problems such as parent sea bass selection standards and domestication environment condition requirements, artificial parent fish ripening and spawning induction methods, artificial fertilization method, fertilized ovum incubation condition requirements, fry cultivation condition requirements, indoor and outdoor fry cultivation and bait transformation; the survival rate of sea bass fry stocking and the breeding efficiency can be remarkably improved; in short, the method is significant for the healthy development of the sea bass breeding industry in the river mouth areas of Pearl River Delta.

The invention discloses a shrimp seed breeding and rearing method for cherax quadricarinatus. The method comprises steps as follows: (1), preparation of a breeding pool; (2), selection of parent shrimps; (3), culture of the parent shrimps; (4), pairing of the parent shrimps; (5), culture of fertilized eggs; (6), hatching management; and (7), nursing of the parent shrimps. The a shrimp seed breeding and rearing method for the cherax quadricarinatus is provided by construction of a culture pool, a mating pool, a hatching pool and a nursing pool, so that in the seed breeding stage, the egg mass rate of the cherax quadricarinatus reaches 70% or higher, the survival rate of the shrimp seeds reaches 80% or higher, the shrimp seed yield is 200% or higher of that in the prior art, and the method has remarkable economic benefits.

The invention relates to a limanda aspera parent fish rearing and hatching method and belongs to the technical field of limanda aspera parent fish rearing and hatching methods. The limanda aspera artificial breeding and seedling raising method is characterized by mainly comprising the following steps: step1, parent fish source; step 2, parent fish rearing; step 3, artificial insemination; and step 4, fertilized ovum hatching. The limanda aspera parent fish rearing and hatching method has the advantages that by means of limanda aspera parent fish cultivating and egg-picking technology research, biology, ecology and physiology characteristics of limanda aspera offspring seed development can be mastered, and photo and temperature technical conditions for mature promotion of parent fish and effective accumulative temperature for egg laying can be found out; by researching the aspects such as water temperature, salinity, growth speed, fish bait utilization and conversion, offspring seed whitening rate reduction and disease control which are related to industrialized seedling production technique and process of limanda asperas, technological processes and operation regulations of limanda aspera offspring seed cultivating can be worked out; and limanda aspera cultivating operation regulations are worked out by researching growth rhythm and technical indexes such as released density, growth speed, fish bait feeding amount and water changing amount of limanda asperas in different periods under the condition of industrialized cultivating.

The invention discloses an artificial breeding method for oplegnathus punctatus, and relates to the technical field of fish aquatic organism culture in aquaculture. The method comprises the steps of nursery pond water quality condition control, fertilized egg feeding into a pond, fry breeding and feeding management, water quality management during the fry breeding and feeding period, seedling pond division, seedling emergence and the like. Compared with the prior art, an incubation tank special for artificial breeding is designed, nursery pond water inflowing and drainage and oxygenation facilities are improved, the nursery pond water quality conditions are strictly controlled, scientific and reasonable bait casting and operation management are carried out in different stages of fry breeding of the oplegnathus punctatus, the mixed feed casting mode is improved, and the stable high yield of artificial breeding of the oplegnathus punctatus is achieved.

The invention provides a method for trapping and controlling Toxoptera aurantii Boyer, which comprises the steps of: with cis-3-hexen-1-ol, trans-2-hexenal, gaultherolin and phenylcarbinol as taste source matters, preparing into a Toxoptera aurantii Boyer botanical pheromone trapping agent according to the proportion of 1:(0.1-15): (0.1-15): (0.1-15), or preparing the gaultherolin, schizonol and nepetalactone into a Toxoptera aurantii Boyer pheromone trapping agent according to the proportion of 1: (0.1-15): (0.1-15), selecting color bud green, rape flower yellow and jasmine yellow to be prepared into a sticky colored plate, combining with a sticky colored plate trapper to prepare a trapper, and placing the trapper into a tea garden for trapping Toxoptera aurantii Boyer or sexuales to reduce overwintering fertilized ova so that the population density in next year is reduced. The method provided by the invention is free of pollution, adapts to the production of current organic tea and non-polluted tea, and has the advantages of high control efficiency, stable performance, reduction of use frequency and use dosage of chemical pesticides, convenience for transportation of raw materials and use, and low cost.

The cultivation method of sea urchin tetraploid fingerlings has the steps that the urchin seedling is dried in shade for 0 to 40 minutes. The 0.5 to 2.0 ml 0.5 mol / L KCl solution is injected from the sea urchin membrana peristomialis for the spawing and spermiation. The urchine eggs and sperms are collected, and the hybrid fertilization is implemented. The developmental temperature of fertilized eggs is controlled between 17 to 18 DEG C. The fertilized eggs in concentration with a mix silk net are collected after 55 to 65 minutes of the fertilization, which are packed in a closed bag and disposed in a pressure vessel of a hydrostatic pressure equipment and the ambient temperature is identified between 17 to 18 DEG C. The pressure treatment is implemented after 60 to 70 minutes of the fertilization, in which the pressure is controlled between 70 to 80MPa and the processing time is controlled between 6 to 8 minutes. Afterwards the fertilized eggs are disposed inside a bin for hatching and stirred, and the incubation temperature is controlled between 16 to 18 DEG C. After floated, the embryos are selected with the proper aeration. The bait feeding is implemented during the larvae cultivation period. The water is exchanged 1 to 3 times everyday, and each time the quantity of water exchange is 1 / 3 to 2 / 3. The pond water is exchanged once every three days. The tetraploid fingerlings cultivated with the method can produce the triploid fingerlings, thus the time of processing and the time to the market are extended.

The invention discloses a method achieving one-generation breeding of all-female pelteobagrus fulvidraco. The method comprises the following steps that 1, cold treatment induction is conducted on a fertilized ovum obtained by taking super-male pelteobagrus fulvidraco as a male parent and taking ordinary female pelteobagrus fulvidraco as a female parent to obtain all-male triploid pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and oogonial cells are separated from an ovary of ordinary sex-mature female pelteobagrus fulvidraco; 2, the oogonial cells are microinjected to the belly cavities of all-male triploid pelteobagrus fulvidraco larvae; 3, after sexual maturity of the larvae in the second step is achieved, sperms of a donor X chromosome are generated, insemination is conducted between the sperms of the donor X chromosome and the ovum produced by the ordinary female pelteobagrus fulvidraco, and the all-female pelteobagrus fulvidraco can be obtained. According to the method achieving one-generation breeding of the all-female pelteobagrus fulvidraco, the sperms of the X chromosome are directly generated through germ cell transplantation. Therefore, an all-female pelteobagrus fulvidraco breeding system can be rapidly established only through one-generation breeding, and all-female offspring are generated; compared with a traditional all-female pelteobagrus fulvidraco breeding method, the time can be shortened by one year; due to the fact that germ cells of the pelteobagrus fulvidraco are transplanted to the pelteobagrus fulvidraco, transplantation is conducted between the same species and variety, and a higher success rate can be obtained.

The invention discloses a method for temporary culture, egg laying and egg protecting of octopus variabilis sasaki and a device for the method, wherein the method comprises steps of 1 selection of parents, 2 temporary culture and accelerated ripening of parents and 3 egg protecting of the parents, and an octopus nest which is specifically designed is used. The method for temporary culture, egg laying and egg protecting of the octopus variabilis sasaki is simple in operation, the device for the method is low in cost and high in use rate, can effectively increase survival rate and egg laying amount of the parents of the octopus variabilis sasaki, hatching rate of fertilized eggs and healthy degree of young seedling. The octopus nest simulates a natural nest structure of the octopus variabilis sasaki, is more suitable for actions of patient octopus variabilis sasaki such as hiding, defensing and laying eggs and protecting eggs and the like, and is simple in making, convenient to use, less in investment and excellent in effects.

The invention belongs to field of fish breeding and aquaculture, which in detail relates to a method of artificial crossing with summer-bothus and tooth-Bothus and breeding. It comprises following steps: (1) taking summer-bothus as male parent and tooth-bothus as female parent, reinforcing the nutrient and environmental condition to promote simultaneous gonadal maturity, getting mature sperm and ovum; (2) crossing fertilized ovum and hatching; (3) culturing the hybrid body and young fish; (4) providing systematic bait in culturing period. The invention not only provides material for deseription improvement for bothus and soles, but also the lies foundation of adding a new breeding species for sea fish cultivating.

The invention discloses a method for carrying out incubation on neolissochilus benasi through artificial fertilization, which belongs to the technical field of fish product breeding. The method comprises the following steps of: injecting DOM (domperidone maleate) and LRH-A2 (lutein releasing hormone A2) into gonadosomatic neolissochilus benasi (1mg of DOM and 1 mu g of LRH per kilogram of neolissochilus benasi are injected in per kilogram of gonadosomatic neolissochilus benasi), wherein the injection volume is halved for male neolissochilus benasi, and the effect time is 15 hours at a water temperature of 22 DEG C; extruding ovums and sperms of the gonadosomatic neolissochilus benasi into a container, stirring the ovums and the sperms for 30 seconds by using chicken feather, then adding clear water at a temperature of 22 DEG C into the container (water preferably just submerges the ovums and the sperms), after stirring the obtained mixture for 20 seconds by using the chicken feather, carrying out washing three times by using clear water, then taking the obtained fertilized ovums for backup incubation; putting the fertilized ovums into an aqueous captan solution (0.15 ppm) to soak for 15 minutes, then putting the fertilized ovums into a water-filled dissecting tray and a shallow-water basin (in which the water level is preferably 3-5 cm higher than the ovums) for incubation, wherein 3000-5000 ovums with an ovum diameter of 2.2-2.8 mm are put in each basin, the position of a water-filled container is 50-80 cm higher than the dissecting tray and the shallow-water basin; sucking water by using a small-sized oxygen hose and conveying the water to the dissecting tray and the shallow-water basin to carry out incubation for 120 hours so as to get fish fries, wherein the temperature of the water is 22-23 DEG C, and the pH value of the water is 7.8-8.5. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of low cost, easiness in operation, and high incubation rate.

The invention belongs to the field of aquaculture, in particular to a large-scale artificial hatching method of fertilized ovums of rice-field eels. The large-scale artificial hatching method is characterized in that the artificial hatchability can be improved to above 90%, and a technical system can be provided for an imitative ecological large-scale breeding by taking neural embryos as artificial hatching starting points, applying special hatching facilities, and continuous dripping for oxygenation and other methods. The large-scale artificial hatching method comprises the following steps: 1) building special hatching facilities, and installing a water storage tank, a hatching tank and a dripping facility sequentially according to a high position difference; 2) adopting an imitative ecological breeding method to obtain the fertilized ovums of the ricefield eels, transferring the fertilized ovums to a hatching box to hatch when the fertilized ovums naturally develop to a neural embryonic period in a foam nest; 3) paving the neural embryos in the hatching box, keeping the embryos 1cm far away from the water surface, and promoting the neural embryos to develop by adopting a dripping method for oxygenation; and 4) continuously leaving baby eels to cultivate in the hatching box temporarily after the baby eels come out of membranes, feeding until the eels is 5cm long through opening and tamping and then transferring the eels to a net cage or other facilities to continuously feed.

The invention discloses a cross breeding method for pelteobagrus fulvidraco and pseudobagrus vachelli. The wild-caught or market pelteobagrus fulvidraco and the wild-caught or market pseudobagrus vachelli are temporarily reared and domesticated to reach the parent fish standard, after artificial injection induced spawning and fertilization, fertilized ova are evenly attached to an incubation net, the fertilized ova are incubated in a cellular incubation pool through micro-flow water, and then crossbred fry are obtained. The pelteobagrus fulvidraco and pseudobagrus vachelli artificially-crossbred fry which are quick in growth, high in stress resistance and better in meat quality can be obtained, and the cross breeding method has significance in meeting the living needs of people and increasing freshwater aquaculture new varieties.

The present invention discloses a stichopus japonicus grading breeding method. It is characterized by that said method includes the following steps: making sex glands of Chinese stichopus japonicus and Chinese-Russian hybrid stichopus japonicus be simultaneously developed and matured, using shade-drying parturifacient method to respectively obtain sperm of Chinese stichopus japonicus and ovum of Chinese-Russian hybrid stichopus japonicus, making artificial insemination and incubating fertilized ovum until the laval plankton is formed, after the laval plankton is attached, utilizing conventional method to breed F1 generation of stichopus japonicus of Chinese stichopus japonicus and Chinese-Russian stichopus japonicus, then using said F1 generation stichopus japonicus as seed stichopus japonicus, accelerating the sex glands of said F1 generation stichopus japonicus and Chinese stichopus japonicus to make them be synchronously matured, making artificial insemination and breeding so as to obtain a new young of stichopus japonicus.

The method of obtaining high quality fertilized egg of scophthatmus maximus includes parent fish cultivation and artificial egg collecting and insemination. The parent fish cultivation includes selecting parent fishes and cultivation condition, selecting feed and raising, and controlling water temperature and light illumination conditions; and the artificial egg collecting and insemination includes artificial egg collection and artificial insemination. The present invention is one complete comprehensive operation technology and has high fish egg survival rate and successive fertilization rate to obtain high quality fertilized egg of scophthatmus maximus.

The invention discloses a method for breeding a sipunculus nudus parent. Artificial breeding of sipunculus nudus is high in cost, very instable in effect and significantly relevant to poor artificial spawning effect, high mortality and inconsistent egg laying quality of the sipunculus nudus parent. Meanwhile, mismatch of the yield is caused due to excessive concentration of egg laying in induced spawning, leading to resource waste. By adopting the measures of building of a sipunculus nudus parent breeding pond, indoor artificial food culture, maturing and breeding management, disease control and prevention and artificial control of egg laying, the mortality is lowered to 7-12 percent within 40 days of artificial indoor parent maturing and egg laying breeding, the single yield of an individual parent of 20g is 50,000-70,000 eggs, the metamosphsis rate of hatched larvae is 13-86 percent, and artificial control of egg laying can be performed according to the production capacity. By adopting the method, the source and controllability of fertilized eggs are realized in plant artificial breeding and selective breeding of the sipunculus nudus, the egg laying time of the parent is prolonged, and the breeding cost is saved.