The invention discloses a soil detection sampler based on environmental detection. The soil detection sampler comprises a horizontally-arranged substrate, wherein the bottom surface of the substrate is fixedly connected with an air cylinder, the bottom end of the air cylinder is fixedly connected with a horizontally-arranged first connecting plate, a material taking cylinder is arranged below thefirst connecting plate, the top end of the material taking cylinder abuts against and makes contact with the bottom face of the first connecting plate, a plurality of connecting pieces are arranged onthe outer side of the material taking cylinder, the sections of the connecting pieces are in an L shape, the first connecting plate and the material taking cylinder both abut against and make contactwith the connecting pieces, and the first connecting plate and the material taking cylinder are both fixedly connected with the connecting pieces through mounting screws. A sampling assembly is pressed into a soil layer through the air cylinder, meanwhile, a motor drives a material taking roller and a material taking device to rotate, crushed soil is conveyed into a material collecting barrel upwards, semi-automatic taking and culturing are achieved, convenience and rapidness are achieved, meanwhile, the multiple core assemblies of the device are detachably connected, therefore the material taking roller is convenient to detach and clean, the next soil sampling is not influenced, and the practicability is high.