The invention discloses a virtual coupling small-group train control system and method based on train-train communication, and is a scheme which guarantees running safety and improves train running efficiency. In the scheme, in a small-group range, a main train continuously detects environment awareness and state data of the main train, environment awareness and state data of a front train are acquired by point-to-point direct communication, a control strategy is formed by comparison calculation according to a calculation result, and a rear train is adjusted to follow the front train within adynamic safe distance. By the strategy, the main train is controlled to follow the front train adaptively, and the trains in a small group can be assisted to cooperatively make correct active train control decision and operation. By the scheme, the running performance of the system can be greatly improved, requirements of flexible operation of urban rail transit can be met well, development spaceand potential are huge, and the virtual coupling small-group train control system and method based on train-train communication are future development tendency and the development direction of an urban rail transit traffic signal system.