The invention provides a multiplex PCR (polymerase chain reaction) primer system for synchronously detecting five animal-derived ingredients and a detection method. Total DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of a sample to be detected is used as a template; a multiplex PCR primer system formed by a primer pair I, a primer pair II, a primer pair III, a primer pair IV and a primer pair V is used for multiplex PCR amplification tests; after the reaction is completed, the results are judged according to agarose gel electrophoresis, wherein the sample total DNA template is one or several of materials in cow, pig, sheep, chicken and duck meat products. When the multiplex PCR primer system provided by the invention is used for detecting the authenticity of the cow, pig, sheep, chicken and duck meat products and the adulteration, the detection speed is high; the specificity is high; the sensitivity is high; the detection efficiency can be greatly improved; the time is saved; in addition, the detection cost is reduced; the multiplex PCR primer system is particularly applicable to the fast anti-counterfeiting identification of cow, pig, sheep, chicken and duck meat products. In addition, the multiplex PCR primer system is matched with relevant reagents and can be made into a kit; the use is convenient; meanwhile, possibility is provided for industrial production and application.