The invention discloses a fireproof protection system based on a gypsum-based steel structure, and relates to the technical field of fireproof protection systems. The fireproof protection system comprises an outer frame, supporting legs are fixedly connected to both sides of the bottom of the outer frame, a vertical plate is fixedly connected between the top and the bottom of the inner wall of theouter frame, a moving device is fixedly connected to the left side of the vertical plate, a top base is fixedly connected to the bottom of the moving device, and connection rods are rotatably connected to both sides of the bottom of the top base. By means of the fireproof protection system based on the gypsum-based steel structure and a protecting method of the fireproof protection system, the purpose of extinguishing the fire for the steel structure is achieved, fire of different positions around the steel structure can all be extinguished, and the damage of the steel structure is prevented,which makes it convenient for people to timely escape and rescue others; meanwhile, the steel structure is better protected, and people conveniently and timely escape and rescue others; meanwhile, automated control is achieved, labor management is not needed, people conveniently use the fireproof protection system, and the practicability is high.