49results about How to "Solve reduction" patented technology

An electrical waveform generator for driving an electromechanical load includes a digital signal processor connected to a waveform generator component in turn connected to an amplifier section with a filter network, the latter being connected to sensing and conditioning circuit componentry that is in turn connected to analog-to-digital converter circuitry. A digital memory stores digitized voltage and current waveform information. The processor determines a phase difference between voltage and current waveforms, compares the determined phase difference to a phase difference command and generates a phase error or correction signal. The processor also generates an amplitude error signal for inducing the amplifier section to change its output amplitude to result in a predetermined amplitude error level for a respective one of the voltage and current waveforms.

Charged droplet spray is formed from a solution with all or a portion of the charged droplet spray current generated from reduction or oxidation (redox) reactions occurring on surfaces removed from the first or sample solution flow path. In one embodiment of the invention, two solution flow channels are separated by a semipermeable membrane. A first or sample solution flowing through the first solution flow channel exchanges cation or anion charged species through the semipermeable membrane with a second solution or gas flowing through the second flow channel. Charge exchange is driven by the electric field applied at the charged droplet sprayer sample solution outlet. Redox reactions occur at an electrode surface in contact with the second solution. The invention increases the control and range of the Electrospray ionization process during ES / MS operation. Alternative embodiments of the invention provide for conducting redox reactions on conductive surfaces removed from the first or sample solution flow path but not separated by semipermeable membranes.

Methods, compositions and articles of manufacture involving cationic conjugated conformationally flexible polymers are provided. A method for the synthesis of cationic water-soluble polymers with linkages along the polymer main chain structure which disrupt the ability of the polymers to form extended-rod structures is provided. Such polymers may serve in the fabrication of novel optoelectronic devices and in the development of highly efficient biosensors. The invention further relates to the application of these polymers in assay methods.

Methods, compositions and articles of manufacture involving cationic conjugated conformationally flexible polymers are provided. A method for the synthesis of cationic water-soluble polymers with linkages along the polymer main chain structure which disrupt the ability of the polymers to form extended-rod structures is provided. Such polymers may serve in the fabrication of novel optoelectronic devices and in the development of highly efficient biosensors. The invention further relates to the application of these polymers in assay methods.

An electrical waveform generator for driving an electromechanical load includes a digital signal processor connected to a waveform generator component in turn connected to an amplifier section with a filter network, the latter being connected to sensing and conditioning circuit componentry that is in turn connected to analog-to-digital converter circuitry. A digital memory stores digitized voltage and current waveform information. The processor determines a phase difference between voltage and current waveforms, compares the determined phase difference to a phase difference command and generates a phase error or correction signal. The processor also generates an amplitude error signal for inducing the amplifier section to change its output amplitude to result in a predetermined amplitude error level for a respective one of the voltage and current waveforms.

The invention relates to a process of detoxifying pretreated lignocellulose-containing material comprising washing the pretreated lignocellulose-containing material in a washing solution and treating the used washing solution to remove an enzyme inhibitor and / or an inhibitor of a fermenting organism before recycling the used washing solution.

The invention relates to a novel methodology and apparatus for clock-offset compensation and common-phase offset correction in Frequency Division Multiplixing based wireless local area network (WLAN) environment, such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) environment. A curve fit, such as a threshold-based, least mean squares (LMS) fit of phase of the pilot sub-carriers in each OFDM symbol is used to estimate and counteract the rotation of the data sub-carriers due to residual frequency offset, low frequency phase noise, and clock offset. The invention is particularly well suited to wireless channels with multipath where pilots typically undergo frequency-selective fading. The thresholding LMS is implemented in a hardware-efficient manner, offering cost advantages over a weighted-LMS alternative. Additionally, the invention uses a unique phase-feedback architecture to eliminate the effects of phase wrapping, and avoid the need to refine channel estimates during packet reception.

Charged droplet spray is formed from a solution with all or a portion of the charged droplet spray current generated from reduction or oxidation (redox) reactions occurring on surfaces removed from the first or sample solution flow path. In one embodiment of the invention, two solution flow channels are separated by a semipermeable membrane. A first or sample solution flowing through the first solution flow channel exchanges cation or anion charged species through the semipermeable membrane with a second solution or gas flowing through the second flow channel. Charge exchange is driven by the electric field applied at the charged droplet sprayer sample solution outlet. Redox reactions occur at an electrode surface in contact with the second solution. The invention increases the control and range of the Electrospray ionization process during ES / MS operation. Alternative embodiments of the invention provide for conducting redox reactions on conductive surfaces removed from the first or sample solution flow path but not separated by semipermeable membranes.

The invention proposes a method and a device for continuously producing a crystallite, wherein a metered amount of seed crystals is fed continuously to the internal solution circuit of a crystallizer, in particular a DTB crystallizer, through a crystallization seed line from a seed generator preferably designed as a flash crystallizer. The amount of seed crystals fed is controlled by an electronic control system as a function of a measured value determined by a sensor, said value being representative of the particle size distribution of the crystallites in the solution in the internal circuit in the crystallizer. By way of a line, the seed generator receives a partial stream of the external solution circuit of the crystallizer, said external circuit being routed through a line. Excess fine crystalline suspension can be fed back to the external circuit from the seed generator by way of a return line.

Generally, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for removing a vapor phase contaminant from a gas stream, thereby reducing the concentration of the vapor phase contaminant in the gas stream. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for removing a vapor phase contaminant from a gas stream, comprising contacting a gas stream comprising a vapor phase contaminant with a first side of a membrane; sorbing the vapor phase contaminant using the membrane; reacting the vapor phase contaminant into an reacted form of the vapor phase contaminant; transporting the reacted form of the vapor phase contaminant through the membrane to a second side of the membrane; contacting the second side of the membrane with a liquid; and dissolving the reacted form of the vapor phase contaminant into the liquid. Methods for making a membrane comprising a metal for use in the present invention is also described.

In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, a high-strength brass alloy includes, by mass %, about 1.3% to about 2.3% of aluminum (Al), about 1.5% to about 3.0% of manganese (Mn), about 1% maximum of iron (Fe), about 1% maximum of nickel (Ni), about 0.4% maximum of tin (Sn), about 0.5% to about 2.0% of silicon (Si), about 57% to about 60% of copper (Cu), less than about 0.1% of lead (Pb), and the balance of zinc (Zn) and inevitable impurities, with the proviso that the ratio of Si / Mn is in the range of about 0.3 to about 0.7, and with the further proviso that the “zinc equivalent” content according to the following formula: ZnEq=Zn+Si*10−Mn / 2+Al*5 is from about 51% to about 58%.

The present invention relates to nanoparticles for the encapsulation of compounds, the obtaining and uses thereof. The nanoparticles comprise a zein matrix and a basic amino acid. Said nanoparticles can encapsulate a water-soluble or fat-soluble biologically active compound. It is applicable in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors and in the nanotechnology sector.

A dye-sensitized solar cell fabricating kit for fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell includes a semiconductor electrode having a semiconductor layer carrying a dye, an opposite electrode disposed opposite the semiconductor electrode, and an electrolyte made by dissolving electrolyte in a solvent and caused to fill between the semiconductor electrode and the opposite electrode during an initial assembly. The electrolyte is supplemented when decreased after assembly, so that a concentration of electrolyte at the time of supplement is lower than a concentration of electrolyte supplied during the initial assembly.

The invention relates to a novel methodology and apparatus for clock-offset compensation and common-phase offset correction in Frequency Division Multiplexing based wireless local area network (WLAN) environment, such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) environment. A curve fit, such as a threshold-based, least mean squares (LMS) fit of phase of the pilot sub-carriers in each OFDM symbol is used to estimate and counteract the rotation of the data sub-carriers due to residual frequency offset, low frequency phase noise, and clock offset. The invention is particularly well suited to wireless channels with multipath where pilots typically undergo frequency-selective fading. The thresholding LMS is implemented in a hardware-efficient manner, offering cost advantages over a weighted-LMS alternative. Additionally, the invention uses a unique phase-feedback architecture to eliminate the effects of phase wrapping, and avoid the need to refine channel estimates during packet reception.

Disclosed is a method of calibrating an apparatus comprising at least one sensor for detecting one or more analytes of interest in a sample, the method comprising measuring a first set of responses of the at least one sensor to at least one first calibration solution having a known composition of the one or more analytes of interest; measuring a second response of the at least one sensor to a second calibration solution having an approximately known composition of the one or more analytes of interest; determining the composition of the second calibration solution from the difference between the first set of responses and the second response; and periodically calibrating the at least one sensor with the second calibration solution using said determined composition. An apparatus and computer program product for executing this method are also disclosed.

Provided are a reducing electroless silver plating solution and a reducing electroless silver plating method using the silver plating solution, the reducing electroless silver plating solution being capable of preventing decomposition of silver in the plating solution thereby to maintain stability of the solution and also being capable of preventing excessive roughening of an underlying metal or the like thereby to form a plating film having good film characteristics and a good appearance. The reducing electroless silver plating solution according to the present invention comprises a water-soluble silver salt and a reducing agent, wherein cyanide ions in a concentration of 0.006×10−3 mol / L to 12.5×10−3 mol / L are contained.

A leather having durable antimicrobial efficacy after at least 5 washing is disclosed. The leather is treated in-situ with an antimicrobial composition containing both a bactericide and a fungicide. The bactericide and the fungicide are exhausted into the leather thereby providing durable antimicrobial activity.

A system and method to facilitate pattern recognition or matching between patterns are disclosed that is substantially invariant to small transformations. A substantially smooth deformation field is applied to a derivative of a first pattern and a resulting deformation component is added to the first pattern to derive a first deformed pattern. An indication of similarity between the first pattern and a second pattern may be determined by minimizing the distance between the first deformed pattern and the second pattern with respect to deformation coefficients associated with each deformed pattern. The foregoing minimization provides a system (e.g., linear) that may be solved with standard methods.

The invention relates to a method for determining an incident angle of particles in a three-dimensional cellular model etching process, which belongs to the field of the etching process in the micro-electron machining; and the method comprises the following steps of selecting two tangent planes which are vertical to an incident plane according to an incident direction of etching particles; respectively selecting surface cellular surrounding an incident point on the two tangent planes, adopting a position coordinate as a data sampling point, conducting fitting calculation by adopting a two-dimensional curve fitting method, and further solving a tangent vector of the incident point on the two coordinate axis directions; and finally conducting cross-product operation for the two tangent vectors to solve the normal surface vector of the incident point, and acquiring the incident angle of the etching particles. A three-dimensional curve fitting problem is converted to two two-dimensional curve fitting to be solved, so that the solution of multi-element equations can be reduced, the calculation complexity is reduced, and simultaneously the treatment of ill-conditioned system of equations in a polygonal curve fitting can be avoided; and the calculation accuracy and the operation speed can be greatly improved.

A method of data encoding is disclosed. An encoder receives a set of information bits and performs an LDPC encoding operation on the set of information bits to produce a codeword based on a matched lifted LDPC code. The matched lifted LDPC code is based on a commutative lifting group and includes a number of parity bits and a submatrix to determine values of the parity bits. An order of the lifting group (Z) corresponds with a size of the lifting. A determinant of the submatrix is a polynomial of the form: ga+(g0+gL)P, where g0 is the identity element of the group, g0=gL2<sup2>k< / sup2>, and P is an arbitrary non-zero element of a binary group ring associated to the lifting group.

The present invention generally relates to systems and methods for the removal of hardness ions, namely calcium and magnesium, from water. Water is efficiently softened in a manner which limits the volume amount of undesirable waste that is sent to municipality or other waste treatment systems by utilizing an ion exchange resin that is capable of being regenerated for repeated use. The present invention also includes a water softening apparatus and method useable for commercial and industrial water softening applications that reuses and recycles sodium from heat transfer surface evaporative systems which further reduces regenerant usage and wastage.

A system and method to facilitate pattern recognition or matching between patterns are disclosed that is substantially invariant to small transformations. A substantially smooth deformation field is applied to a derivative of a first pattern and a resulting deformation component is added to the first pattern to derive a first deformed pattern. An indication of similarity between the first pattern and a second pattern may be determined by minimizing the distance between the first deformed pattern and the second pattern with respect to deformation coefficients associated with each deformed pattern. The foregoing minimization provides a system (e.g., linear) that may be solved with standard methods.

The invention is directed to a process for removing chlorite ion from a body of water containing unacceptably high levels of chlorite comprising adding to said body of water a chlorite removal chemical selected from the group comprising sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, trichloroisocyanurate, polyaluminum chloride, sodium permanganate, potassium permanganate, and catalase enzyme.

A real-time method of determining paste solids includes: correlating the refractive index of a paste with solute concentration in a solvent using a plurality of paste solids concentrations, typically including at least two paste solids concentrations greater than about 5 percent; submersing a fiber optic refractometer sensor into a sample and allowing it to equilibrate for a period of from about 30 seconds to about 20 minutes prior to measuring refractive index of the sample; measuring the refractive index of the paste sample with the fiber optic refractometer sensor; and determining the concentration of solute in the sample using the correlation.

The invention relates to a novel methodology and apparatus for clock-offset compensation and common-phase offset correction in Frequency Division Multiplexing based wireless local area network (WLAN) environment, such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) environment. A curve fit, such as a threshold-based, least mean squares (LMS) fit of phase of the pilot sub-carriers in each OFDM symbol is used to estimate and counteract the rotation of the data sub-carriers due to residual frequency offset, low frequency phase noise, and clock offset. The invention is particularly well suited to wireless channels with multipath where pilots typically undergo frequency-selective fading. The thresholding LMS is implemented in a hardware-efficient manner, offering cost advantages over a weighted-LMS alternative. Additionally, the invention uses a unique phase-feedback architecture to eliminate the effects of phase wrapping, and avoid the need to refine channel estimates during packet reception.

A computer-implemented method for determining a tilt range for each cell (300) of a plurality of cells of a wireless cellular telecommunications network, each cell (300) having at least one antenna (20). The method comprises the steps of: for each cell (300) of the plurality of cells, determining a value for each of a plurality of metrics, the plurality of metrics comprising: a metric indicative of retainability, a metric indicative of capacity, a metric indicative of uplink, UL, quality, a metric indicative of downlink, DL, quality, and a cell parameter; determining respective thresholds for each metric; for each cell (300) of the plurality of cells, classifying the cell (300) into one of a plurality of categories based on a comparison of the determined values of the plurality of metrics of the cell (300) to the corresponding thresholds, wherein each category of the plurality of categories has an associated range of tilt values; and determining, for each cell (300) of the plurality of cells, the tilt range for that cell (300) as the range of tilt values associated with the category into which the cell (300) is classified.

The present invention relates to a light-emitting device. A light-emitting device according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises a substrate, a first light-emitting chip, a first wavelength conversion member, and a barrier member. The first light-emitting chip is mounted on the substrate. The first wavelength conversion member covers the upper surface of the first light-emitting chip. A first reflective member covers the side surface of the first wavelength conversion member. Further, the barrier member comprises an outer wall portion surrounding the side surfaces of the first light-emitting chip and the first reflective member.

The invention is directed to a process for removing chlorite ion from a body of water containing unacceptably high levels of chlorite comprising adding to said body of water a chlorite removal chemical selected from the group comprising sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, trichloroisocyanurate, polyaluminum chloride, sodium permanganate, potassium permanganate, and catalase enzyme.

The invention proposes a method and a device for continuously producing a crystallite, wherein a metered amount of seed crystals is fed continuously to the internal solution circuit of a crystallizer, in particular a DTB crystallizer, through a crystallization seed line from a seed generator preferably designed as a flash crystallizer. The amount of seed crystals fed is controlled by an electronic control system as a function of a measured value determined by a sensor, said value being representative of the particle size distribution of the crystallites in the solution in the internal circuit in the crystallizer. By way of a line, the seed generator receives a partial stream of the external solution circuit of the crystallizer, said external circuit being routed through a line. Excess fine crystalline suspension can be fed back to the external circuit from the seed generator by way of a return line.

An initial resistivity value of pure water is measured. A lifter is cleaned in a state where the pure water is continuously supplied to the rinsing tank to replenish the rising tank while the pure water is being drained from the rinsing tank. A resistivity value of the pure water in process of cleaning the lifter is measured at predetermined time intervals. A difference value between each of the resistivity values and the initial resistivity value is calculated, and the calculated difference values are integrated. An amount of residual chemical solution of the lifter in process of being cleaned is calculated based on an integration result thus obtained. A period of cleaning time necessary for the lifter to become clean in a state where a flow rate of the drained / replenishing pure water per unit time is maintained is calculated based on the amount of residual chemical solution. The lifter is continuously cleaned in the state where the flow rate of the drained / replenishing pure water per unit time is maintained until the period of cleaning time elapses.