The invention discloses a networking design and method of an optical fiber quantum communication system, including a site 1, a site 2, an encryption key and a decryption key, both sites 1 and 2 are data centers, site 1 is a data transmission center, and site 2 is the data receiving center, the encryption key is set at the lower end of site 1, quantum gateway A is set above the encryption key, quantum channel is set at the right end of quantum gateway A, quantum gateway B is set at the right end of quantum channel, and quantum gateway B is set at the lower end of the encryption key Security encryption router A, quantum security encryption router A has a VPN tunnel on the right end, quantum security encryption router B is on the right end of the VPN tunnel, an IP network is on the right end of the encryption key, a decryption key is on the right end of the IP network, quantum gateway B and quantum The secure encryption router B is connected to the decryption key, and the decryption key is connected to the site 2. The network design and method of the optical fiber quantum communication system are simple in structure, with a greatly improved communication rate, a significantly increased communication coverage, and at the same time reduced information Characterization of nonlinear effects in the transfer process.