An optical fiber type on-line real-time carbon pantograph slider abrasion detection system disclosed by the invention relates to the carbon pantograph slider abrasion detection technology for railway locomotives, subway cars, electric multiple units or the like, and belongs to the field of safe train running monitoring. The optical fiber type on-line real-time carbon pantograph slider abrasion detection system comprises a light source, a multi-core optical fiber plug, an optical fiber type abrasion sensor, a photocoupler and a signal processing unit; the optical fiber type abrasion sensor is mounted in the abrasion area of a carbon pantograph slider by utilizing the light transmittance of optical fibers; when the carbon pantograph slider is abraded, the optical fibers are broken, as a result, the light transmittance is damaged to disappear, and by statistically analyzing the breakage of the optical fibers, the abrasion value of the carbon pantograph slider is given. The optical fiber type on-line real-time carbon pantograph slider abrasion detection system can dynamically detect the abrasion of carbon pantograph sliders of railway locomotives, subway cars, electric multiple units or the like throughout on line and in real time. The optical fiber type on-line real-time carbon pantograph slider abrasion detection system has the advantages of high precision, high anti-interference capability, long service life and low cost, and can provide a basis for the automatic lifting and dropping of pantographs and the replacement of carbon pantograph sliders and support the analysis of pantograph-overhead contact system relation.