The invention discloses a processing device of an internal keyway of a tapered hole of a large workpiece. The processing device comprises a guide rod, a broach sheet, rack guide rails, a fixture body, a locating pin, a locating rod, a worktop, a feed workbench, a coupling mechanism, a worm and gear, a hydraulic cylinder, a machine tool body, a hand feed device, a broach rod, a primary motion hydraulic cylinder, a fixing device and a bearing pedestal, wherein one end of the worktop used for placing and locating the workpiece is connected with the machine tool body by a fixed hinged support, and the upper end of the hydraulic cylinder is articulated with the other end of the worktop. The processing device can process the internal keyway of the tapered hole of the large workpiece, is simple in structure, convenient to mount and high in practicability, and has the characteristics that a small mechanism can process the large workpiece and the processing precision is high; and parts and components are high in standardization degree and universalization degree.