317 results about "Soil solution" patented technology

A fertilizer composition including a base fertilizer granule with a barrier coating and one or more micronutrients. The base fertilizer material is coated with a barrier coating, and then a coating of one or more micronutrients. Alternatively, the base fertilizer material is coated with a barrier coating having discrete particles of micronutrients dispersed throughout. The barrier coating acts to physically and chemically isolate the micronutrient particles from the underlying fertilizer composition such that more of the micronutrient is available to the soil solution, and ultimately to the root zone of the plant.

The invention relates to a method for simulating oil solute transport in a laboratory. The method comprises the following devices: a soil pillar fixing ring, an overflow groove, a universal quick connector, an argil plate, a permeable filter membrane, a universal adjusting pin, a sampling bottle, an air exhaust tube, a branch head, a buffer bottle, an adjustable negative-pressure pump, a data acquisition controller, a signal cable, a sampling bottle, a soil solution sampler, a transparent PVC (polyvinyl chloride) soil pillar and a soil three-parameter sensor. By controlling the change of soil water potential in the soil pillar and promoting the soil solute transport, the method realizes quick observation on the process of the soil solute transport, provides a parameter optimization means for establishing a soil solute transport model, shortens the test period, improves the test precision, ensures more scientific and reliable study results, and provides a test calibration tool for experimental study on liquidity of soil water, energy balance, migration of soil pollutants and the like.

The invention relates to the agricultural field, in particular to an improvement method for saline-alkali soil. The improvement method for the saline-alkali soil comprises the following steps: sprinkling 10 to 50 kilograms of aluminum sulfate powders on the surface of the saline-alkali soil evenly; irrigating the soil with the aluminum sulfate powders and soaking the soil with the aluminum sulfate powders for 1 hour to 72 hours; compounding polyacrylamide with a dosage which is 5% to 20% of the dosage of the aluminum sulfate powders into a solution, wherein the mass concentration of the solution is no more than 0.5%; evenly spraying the compounded solution onto the water layer, and continuing to soak the soil with the aluminum sulfate powders for 8 hours to 24 hours; draining the water in the saline-alkali soil; and applying organic fertilizer and biological bacterial fertilizer to the saline-alkali soil. The improvement method for the saline-alkali soil can improve the sodium ions, the carbonate ions and the bicarbonate radical ions in the soil, so that the potential of hydrogen (pH) value of the solution of the soil can be reduced. The aluminum sulfate is increased, so that the soluble salts released by the soil particles are also increased, so that the salt materials in the soil can be reduced remarkably. Due to the fact that the macromolecule polyacrylamide is added, the soil can congeal into bigger particles like pea grains, so that permeability and water and fertilizer preserving capability of the soil can be improved.

A system for collecting soil solution samples including a sampling device arranged to contact soil and coupled to a vacuum source, and a suction unit for automatically controlling pressure and time of operation of the vacuum source to provide suction for withdrawing solution from the soil through the sampling device and abrupt release of the vacuum at the end of a pre-defined sampling period, and a method for collecting soil solution samples including coupling a sampling device to a vacuum source, planting the sampling device in soil to be monitored, automatically controlling pressure and time of operation of the vacuum source to provide suction for withdrawing solution from the soil through said sampling device, and automatically stopping the vacuum source and abruptly releasing the vacuum at the end of a pre-defined sampling period.

There is provided a sensor for measuring a quantity, such as the salinity, of the soil solution without requiring continuous calibration. The sensor is based on a porous material which automatically fills up and saturates when the soil is rewet and drains when the soil dries out from plant uptake or from air drying, then being filled up with a solution representative of the quantity to be measured in the soil during plant growth.

The invention discloses a monitoring system for the migration of elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and the like in the hydrologic cycle process of farmland soil. The monitoring system is provided with a water supplying system, a soil holding pool, a water head and water level control system, a soil solution collector, a bottom frame and a slope regulator, wherein a water inlet pool and a water outlet pool of the water head and water level control system are respectively arranged near two wide side walls of the soil holding pool and share the side walls together with the soil holding pool, holes are respectively formed in the shared side walls, water level / water head control holes are respectively formed in the outer side walls of the water inlet pool and the water outlet pool, baffle plates are respectively arranged on the outer side walls of the water inlet pool and the water outlet pool, a nozzle of the water supplying system is positioned above the soil holding pool, collecting tanks of the soil solution collector are embedded in soil in the soil holding tank, and head sections and tail sections of the two adjacent collecting tanks in each line are positioned in the same plane, the soil holding pool, the water inlet pool and the water outlet pool are integrally placed on the bottom frame, and the slope regulator is arranged under the bottom frame. According to the monitoring system, the elements of the nitrogen the phosphorus and the like in the vertical infiltration process of soil water in different soil layers can be monitored, and the elements of the nitrogen, the phosphorus and the like in a shallow groundwater flowing process can be monitored.

The invention relates to a soil heavy mental adsorbent. The adsorbent comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 22.8-34.2% of peat, 11.2-26.6% of natural humus, 10.2-25.8% of oyster shell powder and 28.8-40.4% of biochar. A preparation method of the soil heavy mental adsorbent comprises the steps: fully stirring the components in percentage by mass, putting in a workshop and fermenting for 15 days at the temperature of above 10 DEG C and packing. A using method of the soil heavy mental adsorbent comprises the following steps: applying 500-600 kilograms of the soil heavy mental adsorbent each mu, fully mixing the soil heavy mental adsorbent with soil and standing for 3 days, wherein in the meantime, water in the paddy field is neither fed nor discharged. The situation that heavy metal elements adsorbed by the soil heavy mental adsorbent are freed due to the cation exchange capacity cannot happen, so that the heavy metal concentration in the soil solution is reduced by a large margin, very little heavy metal elements in the solution can be absorbed by plant roots and the heavy metal content of agricultural products produced in the soil environment is extremely low naturally and below the safe content regulated in China.

The invention discloses intelligent cyclic regeneration equipment for cutting fluid. The intelligent cyclic regeneration equipment comprises a rack, a first stage of filter device, a second stage of filter device, a third stage of filter device, and a liquid purifying box, wherein a control system touch screen is arranged on the rack; the first stage of filter device comprises a first suction device, a particulate matter filter, a soiling solution tank, a first agitator, a white alum water injection device and an efficient oil removing device; the second stage of filter device comprises a high-speed centrifugal filter device, a first filter tank and a second suction device; the third stage of filter device comprises a second filter tank, an ultraviolet sterilization device and a bag-type zipper filter device; a concentration monitoring device, a concentrate supplement device and a deionized water supplement device are arranged inside the liquid purifying box; the first stage of filter device, the second stage of filter device, the third stage of filter device and the liquid purifying box are internally provided with deodorization devices. By adopting the intelligent cyclic regeneration equipment, cuttings, iron powder, oil slick pollution, cenobium, floccules and impurities in a soiling solution of the cutting liquid can be effectively removed, new cutting liquid with proper concentration is formed, and the intelligent cyclic regeneration equipment also has sterilization and deodorization functions.

The invention belongs to the technical field of environmental management, and particularly relates to an electrodynamic remediation device and a method for soil polluted by heavy metal or organic matters. The device is composed of a direct-current power supply, an anode chamber, a gas collecting device, a soil chamber, an anode electrode and a cathode electrode. The device provided by the invention has the advantages that a soil solution which is near the electrode has electrochemistry element reaction under the power-driven pressure, the physicochemical properties such as redox potential and pH value in the coil are changed, the low-permeability soil can have high conductivity through hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, and the desorption of the heavy metal or organic matters in a soil solid is accelerated.

The invention discloses a simulation test device and a test method for grassed swales. The device comprises a runoff generating device, a runoff flowing device, a runoff collecting device and a monitoring device, wherein the runoff flowing device comprises a V-shaped slot and an angle adjusting structure for adjusting included angles between the longitudinal slope of the V-shaped slot and the twoside faces of the V-shaped slot; the two side faces of the V-shaped slot are provided with a plurality of sampling holes; the bottom of the V-shaped slot is provided with a supporting structure; the V-shaped slot is filled with soil; and the surface of the soil is provided with a surface treatment layer. Testing water with different contaminant concentrations is prepared and different hydraulic loads and flow rates are set according to the purposes of the tests; and the influence of different earth surface measures on the utilization efficiency of the grassed swales and the runoff contaminantregulation can be known from the observation of soil moisture and the monitoring of surface water quality and contaminant concentration of soil solution. Thus the device and the method have great significance for water conservation and municipal rainfall runoff contamination.

The invention relates to a device for measuring the saline concentration in saturated soil solution. The present invention is characterized in that the invention comprises a sealed soil bin, and the soil bin is filled with soil; a constant water tank is respectively arranged on the both sides of the soil bin, and a copper wire gauze and a sieve tray are arranged in the two constant water tank near to one side of the soil in sequence; a constant head water tank for controlling the differential pressure is respectively arranged above the two constant water tanks, the constant head water tank on the water inlet side is connected with a pure water storage barrel and a saline solution storage barrel in parallel through a constant flow pump and a reversing valve; a plurality of salinity sensors are embedded in the soil, a plurality of salinity sensors are connected on a plurality of saline concentration data collectors outside the soil by group; a data processor is connected with the data collector, and the data processor is connected with a computer. The operation of the invention is agility, precise dynamic monitoring can be performed for the salinity in the saturated soil solution, and the invention has wider application prospect.

The invention relates to a biochar-based fertilizer for restoration of heavy metal contamination of arable soil. The biochar-based fertilizer is composed of, by mass, 50% of biochar, 15% of micropowder of water-chilled dreg from a blast furnace, 30% of fresh cow dung and 5% of a composite biological inoculum. As the biochar and the micropowder of water-chilled dreg from the blast furnace undergo strict screening and effective component activation, the pH value of the soil is increased, the granular structure of the soil is improved, adsorption effect on heavy metal elements in the soil is effectively strengthened, and soil heavy metal restoration effect is enhanced; and in the composite composed by the biochar, the micropowder of water-chilled dreg from the blast furnace, the fresh cow dung and the composite biological inoculum according to a certain proportion, the biochar improves adsorption of heavy metals in a soil solution, the micropowder of water-chilled dreg enhances the silicon utilization rate of crops under the action of an activator, the crops prevent and control migration of heavy metals to the bodies of plants while absorbing silicon so as to reduce heavy metal content in the crops, and the biochar and the micropowder of water-chilled dreg have synergistic interaction in controlling of absorption of heavy metal elements in the soil by the crops.

The invention relates to ecological environment pollution treatment and mechanical equipment in the engineering application fields thereof, in particular to vehicle-mounted in-situ remediation equipment for heavy metal pollution of farmland soil, which mainly comprises a vehicle-mounted system, a push bucket material taking system and a magnetic recovery system. a vehicle frame of the vehicle-mounted system is connected with a push bucket through a support rod, the middle part of the push bucket is provided with a material collecting port, and soil solution is extracted to a feeding port of the magnetic recovery system through a middle pipe by using a pipeline pump positioned in the push bucket material taking system; in the magnetic recovery system, a magnetic recovery machine is driven by a magnetic separation motor, magnetic heavy metal chelates in the soil solution are adsorbed on a magnetic roller, are scraped to a fine material groove by a scraper device, and drop to a recovery groove by a fine material pipe. The equipment can fill the technical equipment blank field of new chelating magnetic removal materials in engineering application, in particular to a soil solution system. And a mobile in-situ rapid remediation mode for soil heavy metal pollution treatment is achieved.

The invention relates to the technical field of soil improvement, and concretely discloses a saline-alkaline land soil conditioner, and a preparation method and an application thereof. Raw materials of the conditioner comprise 400-600 parts of a biomass decomposed material, 150-242 parts of a pyroligneous liquor, 200-300 parts of charcoal powder, 4-10 parts of urea and 2-10 parts of a microbial agent. All the components are synergistically combined, so the conditioner contains abundant organic matters, provides favorable conditions for crop growth, can improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil and slowly release nutrients, improves the fertilizer utilization rate and the water holding capacity of the soil, effectively reduces the pH value of the soil and the salt content ina soil solution, delays accumulation of salt in the surface soil, and has a good improvement effect on saline-alkaline land soil.

The invention relates to the field of preparation and application of novel iron-based biochar, in particular to a preparation method for a novel iron-based biochar repair material which is used for treating polluted soil. The preparation method is characterized by comprising the following steps: performing anaerobic dry distillation on a biomass raw material which is carried with an iron oxide in a dry distillation furnace; performing reducing, cracking and polymerizing reactions on the biomass to generate energy conversion; separating reductive gases, namely CO and H2; under a proper temperature, gradually reducing part iron oxide which is loaded on the surface of the biomass into zero-valent iron. Electrode potential difference exists between iron and carbon, so that a micro primary cell can be formed in soil solution; moreover, the iron oxide which remains on the surface of the biochar has a very good removal capacity to arsenic, so that the treatment effect on the pollutants in soil is enhanced very well; according to the preparation method and the application of the novel iron-based biochar, environmental effects of the biochar, the zero-valent iron and the iron oxide are combined, so that the problem of repair function loss of the biochar is solved; the repair efficiency is improved; the application potential of the novel iron-based biochar in the aspect of soil body pollution control is expanded.

The invention discloses a soiling solution recycling component and surface cleaning equipment. The component comprises a soiling solution box which is provided with a soiling solution accommodating chamber, a buoy which is positioned in the soiling solution accommodating chamber and a plug which can moves up and down along with the buoy; the soiling solution accommodating chamber is provided witha solution falling opening for a soiling solution to fall down into the soiling solution accommodating chamber from the upper part of the soiling solution accommodating chamber and an exhaust opening;the plug is arranged as: a spare chamber which is positioned above the soiling solution accommodating chamber is also arranged in the soiling solution box; the spare chamber communicates with the soiling solution accommodating chamber; the exhaust opening is positioned at the intersection of the soiling solution accommodating chamber and the spare chamber or is positioned in the soiling solutionaccommodating chamber; the spare chamber is arranged as: when the soiling solution box is inclined downward to exceed a preset angle, at least part spare chamber is positioned on the lower side of theexhaust opening; at least part soiling solution which is stored in the soiling solution accommodating chamber can flow backward to the spare chamber. According to the scheme, the spare chamber whichcan store the soiling solution temporarily when the soiling solution box is inclined or inverted, so that the soiling solution can be prevented from flowing out of the soiling solution accommodating chamber from the exhaust opening.

An embodiment of the invention provides a system and a method for soil solution sampling. The system and the method can resist cold frost heaving and melting contraction and be used for soil solution continuous sampling in a high and cold area during the frost heaving in winter and the melting contraction in spring. The embodiment provides a soil solution sampling device system which comprises a sampling device, a sample collecting pipe and a liquid collection bottle. The sampling device is formed by materials which are hard in texture and good in water and solution penetrating property, and when the device system is used, the sampling device is embedded in soil and connected with the liquid collection bottle on the earth's surface through the sample collecting pipe.

The invention belongs to the field of crop fertilizers, and in particular relates to a polymerized sustained-release compound fertilizer and a preparation method thereof. The polymerized sustained-release compound fertilizer is mainly prepared by performing graft modification treatment on a polymer polyacrylic acid with gelatinized starch and humic acid, wherein in the graft modification process, humic acid is inserted into modified molecules; further adding chemical fertilizers and nutrient additives for thermal polymerization, and thus combining with a polyacrylic acid-starch-humic acid graft polymer, thereby preparing the polymerized sustained-release compound fertilizer. By adopting the polymerized sustained-release compound fertilizer disclosed by the invention, great loss of the fertilizer in soil is avoided, the utilization rate of the fertilizer is improved, the use amount of the fertilizer is reduced, the roots of plants are activated, and the absorption on the fertilizer is improved. As the graft polymer of polyacrylic acid and the starch has the water solubility, can be slowly dissolved in a soil solution and can also be degraded, environment pollution is avoided, and great meaning is achieved for improving the crop yield.

The invention provides a soil solution original-position collecting device special for a paddy planting system rooting zone and an application method thereof. The soil solution original-position collecting device has accurate and fast collection and little perturbation of water saturated soil. The soil solution original-position collecting device for the paddy planting system rooting zone comprises a vacuum pump, a vacuum controller, a pressure inductor, a surge flask, a micro sample collector and a plant growing box, wherein the plant growing box is provided with a micro soil solution collector, the micro soil solution collector is connected with a liquid receiving tube of the micro sample collector through a liquid guide tube, the micro sample collector is connected with the surge flask through a vacuum tube which is provided with a vacuum three-way cock, the pressure inductor is arranged on the surge flask which is connected with the vacuum pump through the vacuum tube, and the vacuum controller is respectively connected with power sources of the vacuum pump and the pressure inductor.

The invention provides an electric promoting eluting and removing device and an electric promoting eluting and removing method for soil heavy metal based on an electric geotextile. An eluting agent is applied to heavy metal polluted soil and the eluting agent and soil are uniformly mixed through a plowing machine, so that the heavy metal in the soil is desorbed into a soil solution through eluting; EKG electrodes are buried into the soil at intervals in parallel and are used as anode and cathode materials of electrodynamics; an interval electrifying manner is adopted under the potential gradient of 0.2V / cm-4V / cm, so that the heavy metal with positive charges in the farmland soil is desorbed into the soil solution through eluting, and is enriched to a cathode under the action of an electric field; then the heavy metal is transferred out of the soil under the action of circulating washing of electrode liquid; and the washed electrode liquid is treated and then is circularly used for washing an electrode. By adopting the electric promoting eluting and removing device and method, the effect of chemical eluting can be improved and the discharging of an eluent is promoted; and meanwhile, the problem of soil acidification and alkalization in an electric remediation process is effectively avoided, and the electrode can be conveniently and rapidly mounted and used in field.

The invention discloses an organic improving agent for acid soil. The organic improving agent for the acid soil comprises the following components in parts by weight: 300 to 350 parts of organic ecological fertilizer, 200 to 220 parts of modified biochar, 5 to 8 parts of active oligopeptide, 15 to 18 parts of diammonium hydrogen phosphate, 4 to 5 parts of zinc sulphate, 1.5 to 2 parts of ammonium molybdate, 30 to 33 parts of a water retaining agent, 100 to 120 parts of an auxiliary agent, and 30 to 60 parts of a regulating agent. The organic improving agent for the acid soil has the beneficial effects that the improving agent can increase the content of organic matters in the soil, increase the pH value of the soil, increase the effective nutrients of the soil and improve the structure of the soil; the active oligopeptide in the improving agent can form a complex compound with free heavy metal ions in the soil; the complex compound settles to the bottom layer of the soil under a leaching action, and cannot be absorbed by root systems, so that harm is reduced; hydrogen ions are neutralized, and the content of substitutable aluminium ions in a soil solution is reduced, so that the pH value of the soil is improved fundamentally; the organic improving agent for the acid soil is a high-efficiency and safe organic improving agent for the acid soil.

The invention provides an integrated soil and soil solution collecting device, which relates to the technical field of soil collection. The integrated soil and soil solution collecting device comprises a sampling box, wherein a first sliding rod is fixedly connected to the inner top wall of the sampling box, a movable plate is slidably connected to the outer surface of the first sliding rod, a sampling cylinder is fixedly connected to the bottom part of the movable plate, a rotating rod is movably connected to the inner top wall of the sampling cylinder, a lifting auger is fixedly connected tothe outer surface of the rotating rod, and a through groove is formed in the bottom part of the sampling box. According to the integrated soil and soil solution collecting device, a soil sample is discharged into a collecting box by means of a soil discharging pipe for collection under the lifting action of the lifting auger through rotation of the rotating rod, thus the collection of the soil sample is completed, a collecting pipe reciprocates left and right in the collecting box, and the soil in the collecting box is subjected to liquid pumping via the collecting hole, so that the samplingof a soil solution is completed, and the problems that a device is inconvenient to operate and carry when the soil and the soil solution are sampled in the past are solved.

The invention belongs to the technical field of paddy field arsenic pollution treatment, and particularly discloses a rice cultivation water management method for a moderate and mild arsenic pollution paddy field. The water content of the arsenic pollution paddy field is reasonably adjusted by alternately performing waterflooding-moistening irrigation in the whole growth period of rice, the arsenic content of soil solution is remarkably reduced, and trivalent arsenic in soil can be transformed into low-toxicity pentavalent arsenic. By changing the form and the valent state of the arsenic in the soil, arsenic absorption and accumulation of the rice are reduced, so that the arsenic content of the rice is reduced. Measurement proves that the arsenic content of the rice cultivated by the method meets the pollutant limit standard (inorganic arsenic<0.2mg / kg, GB2726-2012) of national food.

The invention belongs to the field of a testing device of a pipeline anticorrosion technology and discloses an anticorrosion layer peeling testing device based on an electrochemical impedance spectrum. The anticorrosion layer peeling testing device comprises an electrolytic tank group, a constant potential rectifier, a data collection and analysis system, an electrochemical work station and a voltage measuring instrument. A simulated soil solution is contained in the electrolytic tank group and is used for simulating an actual condition of peeling an anticorrosion layer of a buried steel pipeline. The data collection and analysis system is connected with the electrochemical work station to measure the electrochemical impedance spectrum in real time and carry out data processing and analysis; the performance of the anticorrosion layer is quantitatively evaluated to monitor the peeling condition of a defect hole part of the anticorrosion layer in real time. The device disclosed by the invention can effectively simulate the actual condition of peeling the anticorrosion layer of the buried steel pipeline and can monitor the cathode peeling process in real time; a test result has very good repeatability and reproducibility; the anticorrosion layer peeling testing device is simple and convenient to operate and is suitable for the cathode peeling tests and the test evaluation of the anticorrosion layers of various buried steel pipelines.

The invention relates to a soil solution collecting device, in particular to a batch collecting device for solution soil from soil layers of different depths used in the field, which comprises a leaky pipe provided with a pottery clay head at the bottom part, a liquid collection bottle, a buffer bottle and a negative-pressure device. One end of a drainage pipe is hermetically inserted in the leaky pipe, and the other end thereof is inserted in the liquid collection bottle; the buffer bottle which communicates with the negative-pressure device communicates with the liquid collection bottle through a multi-way air breather; the leaky pipe is buried in the soil; fine sand is arranged around the pottery clay head at the bottom part of the leaky pipe; a plurality of connectors are all distributed on the multi-way air breather, one of the connectors communicates with the buffer bottle, and other connectors communicate with a plurality of liquid collection bottles; one end of the drainage pipe is inserted into the bottom part of the leaky pipe, and the connection position of the drainage pipe and the leaky pipe is sealed by a rubber cork; a drainage needle head is arranged at the other end of the drainage pipe, and inserted into the rubber cork of the liquid collection bottle. The soil solution collecting device has the advantages of simple structure and convenient operation, and can collect a plurality of samples at one time, thereby enhancing collection efficiency; furthermore, the disturbance of the collecting device to the soil is small, so that the accuracy of the test is high.

The invention relates to a method for the stray current corrosion test of a buried steel pipeline under the tensile stress action, and belongs to the material corrosion and protection fields. A system used by the method comprises a stress loading test system, a soil environment simulation system, a stray current simulation system, a cathode protection system and an electrochemical test system. The stress loading test system generates a pressure required by a sample test, the soil environment simulation system stimulates the soil environment in which a buried metal is positioned to prepare soil solutions having different pH values and conductivities, the stray current simulation system generates direct current, alternate current and direct and alternate mixed stray currents, the cathode protection system provides a cathode protection potential for the sample, and the electrochemical test system tests the corrosion potentials of the sample under different influence factors. The system used by the method can measure the weight loss, can obtain the corrosion morphology, can generate the direct current, alternate current and direct and alternate mixed stray currents, can provide the stress required by the test according to the practical running condition, can stimulate the cathode protection, and can realize the corrosion rule experiments under different influence factors.

The invention relates to a biological organic fertilizer produced by performing microbial fermentation on lignite, vinegar residues, sawdust (straw), shale and the like and a preparation method thereof. The biological organic fertilizer comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 5 to 10 percent of lignite, 50 to 65 percent of vinegar residues, 20 to 25 percent of sawdust (straw), 8 to 10 percent of shale, 1 to 2 percent of magnesium sulfate, 0.5 to 1 percent of zinc sulfate, 0.5 to 1 percent of borax and 0.1 to 0.2 percent of microbial strain. The method comprises the following steps of: selection of microorganisms, activation, first-level amplification, second-level amplification, third-level amplification, mixing, fermentation, turning, obtaining of finished products, low-temperature drying, detection, metering and packaging. After the biological organic fertilizer is applied to protected land, organic matters and humus contained in the biological organic fertilizer can adsorb and fix cations in a free state in soil, the concentration of soil solution and the harm of salinization are reduced, the vegetable growth (harvest) period is prolonged by 10 days, yield is increased by 8.5 to 22.6 percent, morbidity is reduced by 30.3 to 56.3 percent, and the content of nitrate is reduced by 20.5 to 27.8 percent.