This application discloses a quality control substance for a blood lipid test. Specifically, a disclosed composition comprises serum matrix, protective agent, preservative, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1, apolipoprotein B, lipoprotein (a), optional apolipoprotein E, optional phospholipid, optional homocysteine, optional C-reactive protein, and optional small and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. The application also relates to the use of this combination in the preparation of quality control substances. The quality control substance according to this application has excellent uniformity in and between bottles, while maintaining good stability.