The invention discloses a method for control and treatment of water pollution of a black and odorous river. The method includes following steps: S1, dividing key river reaches or control units; S2, calculating water environment characteristics, and determining water quality targets of the control units; S3, calculating the water environment capacity and pollution load accounting according to the water quality targets; S4, distributing the pollution load cutting amount to each control unit; and S5, performing overall treatment layout, establishing a river water quality process model, putting treatment information into the model, inspecting whether the water quality targets reach the standard, if not, repeating the steps of S1-S5 until the water quality reaches the standard, and if yes, applying the method to practical water pollution treatment of black and odorous rivers. According to the method, the problem of treatment of the black and odorous water body is accurately quantified, key chemical indexes which cause the water body to become black and odorous are extracted, the setting of each treatment project and the specific project amount can be guided through quantitative calculation, and the project management is more accurate and economic.