The invention discloses a processing system and processing technology for removing river pollution bottom silt in a central urban area. The processing system comprises a multi-functional desilting vessel, a silt storage and transportation vessel and a silt dehydrating and drying vessel, wherein the multi-functional desilting vessel, the silt storage and transportation vessel and the silt dehydrating and drying vessel are communicated through pipelines. The multi-functional desilting vessel comprises a machine body, wheel-type supporting legs, a coarse garbage collection tool / reamer tool arranged at one end of the machine body and a first hydraulic system used for driving the coarse garbage collection tool / reamer tool. The silt storage and transportation vessel comprises a storage and transportation vessel body, positioning piles and a silt cabin, wherein a plurality of stirrers are further arranged in the silt cabin, the silt cabin is connected to the silt dehydrating and drying vessel through a pipeline. The silt dehydrating and drying vessel comprises a dehydrating and drying vessel body, positioning piles, a second hydraulic system, a stirring cabin, a chemical feed device and a drying device. According to the processing technology, a mobile processing station is adopted, all the devices are arranged aboard for operation, and therefore land resources are not occupied. Moreover, a processing method is simple, a processing period is short, the silt processing is thorough, and operability is high.