The invention discloses an inverse matrix iteration deconvolution method for spectrum resolution enhancement. The method comprises the following steps of 1, sequence convolution and a convolution square matrix; 2, convolution square matrix cumulative multiplication and convolution kernel function peak broadening; and step 3, peak resolution enhancement. An original function is multiplied by a deconvolution matrix to achieve the goal of narrowing the peak width; furthermore, a deconvolution unit matrix construction method is provided, the deconvolution calculation effect with expected precisionis realized; the method has the advantages that the calculation process is fast and controllable, the result is stable and accurate, the application range is wide, the method can be used for Raman, infrared and other molecular spectrums and can also be used for resolution enhancement of other spectrums with symmetrical peak types such as mass spectrums, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrums, XRD and XRF, and the Raman spectrums are taken as examples, so that implementation steps and implementation effects are given.