The invention relates to the field of precise railway measurement, high speed railway rail detection and security and digital railway, in particular to a system and a method for carrying out movable precise measurement of the high speed railway and synchronously obtaining total factor data along the line of the railway on the basis of GPS (Global Positioning System) / IMU (Inertia Measurement Unit) positioning and orientation, laser scan and digital imaging technologies. The invention further relates to a special railway measurement mark. The system consists of a laser scanner (1), a digital imaging device (2), a GPS receiver (3), an IMU (4), an industrial computer (5) and a power supply unit (6), and the system can obtain three-dimensional point clouds of rail, roadbed and peripheral environment of the high speed railway and digital images oriented by the earth. The method comprises a method for carrying out movable precise measurement movable precise measurement of the high speed railway and a method for improving the measurement precision by carrying out the simultaneous adjustment with a control point of a rail control network (such as a CPIII foundation pile control network). The system has high integration degree and has the characteristics of high efficiency and high precision, and the precision of the data can reach millimeter level.