The invention discloses a multi-cavity casing pressure test device and method, the multi-cavity casing pressure test device comprises a base, a bottom cavity separation ring, a casing test piece and a cover plate, the casing test piece is a cylindrical thin-wall piece, the upper end face and the lower end face of the casing test piece are provided with outer boss surfaces extending in the horizontal direction, the outer boss surface of the lower end face is provided with a connecting hole, and the connecting hole is communicated with the bottom cavity separation ring. The connecting holes are used for being connected with a base, the base is of a disc structure, an annular protrusion is arranged on the base, the connecting holes are formed in the upper end face of the annular protrusion of the base, a bottom cavity separation ring is arranged on the base, and a cover plate is arranged above the bottom cavity separation ring. The testing device is compact in structure and easy to install and adjust, the pressure load can be accurately applied to all the cavities of the test piece through the testing device, and the purpose of checking the structural rigidity and the welding quality stability of the casing test piece in a cavity dividing mode is achieved. The device is high in universality, can be used for similar aero-engine case pressure tests, is wide in application range, and has high engineering application value.