The invention relates to a device for testing the thermal state characteristics of a feeding system. The device for testing the thermal state characteristics of the feeding system comprises a base experiment table, a servo motor, a motor base, a coupler, a right bearing seat, a right bearing assembly, a ball screw, a lead screw nut base, a lead screw base, a working table, a rolling guide rail, a wedge-shaped block, a rolling guide rail sliding block, a left bearing seat, a left bearing assembly, an axial pre-stretching device, a PC, a pressure sensor, a thermal resistance sensor, an infrared thermometer, a chromatic dispersion confocal displacement meter, a force sensor displayer, a thermal resistance sensor displayer, a servo amplifier and the like. The device for testing the thermal state characteristics of the feeding system has the advantages that the mechanical structure is simple, the testing principle is distinct and the testing precision is high, angular contact ball bearings with different diameters and ball screws can be adopted for testing for various feeding systems, real-time working conditions such as the axial force and the rotation speed are simulated, and the temperature field and the axial thermal displacement of the feeding system are tested.