The invention discloses an observation device and method for a suspended sediment deposition structure in deceleration turbidity current. The device comprises a rotating water tank part, a circulating water body pipeline part and an auxiliary monitoring device part. The rotary water tank part comprises an acrylic transparent water tank, a shear ring, a shear ring rotating speed control rocker arm, a rotatable base, a rocker arm control frequency converter, a rotatable base control frequency converter, a center lifting metal rod, a base supporting frame, paddles and the like. The device is ingenious in structure, good in integrity, high in efficiency and low in device cost; physical modeling of the high-speed and strong-turbulence flow state of the turbidity current under the laboratory scale can be achieved, and meanwhile accurate conversion of the flow state is controlled. Large-particle-size sediment particles can be suspended in the annular water tank rotating at a high speed, viscous particles can be researched, and the flocculation capacity of the viscous particles is not damaged; by reversely rotating the bottom of the annular water tank, the secondary flow structure caused by the centrifugal effect can be reduced to the maximum extent, and the change of the shear stress of the tank bottom can be reduced to the minimum.