The invention discloses a proportionate MSER adaptive decision feedback equalization system. The system comprises an error code indicator, an equalization module and a decision feedback unit, and theequalization module comprises a filter, a tap coefficient update unit and a step update module. The invention also discloses a realization method of the proportionate MSER adaptive decision feedback equalization system. The method includes following steps: S1) setting initial values G<f, 1> and G<b, 1> of a sparse diagonal matrix and initial values w0 and b0 of a filter coefficient; S2) calculating a filtering output signal yk; S3) calculating a result Ik of an error code indicator; S4) respectively updating sparse diagonal matrixes G<f, k-1> and G<b, k-1> as G<f, k> and G<b, k>; S5) respectively updating the filter coefficient w<k-1> and b<k-1> as wk and bk; and S6) repeating steps S2-S5 until a coefficient of an equalizer is converged. The system and the method are simple and easy to realize, and excellent system performance can be achieved in underwater acoustic communication by employing fewer training symbols.