The present invention relates to an array ultrasonic detection technology for rapidly detecting internal microdefects of a complex surface component. The technology can be applicable for the fields of aviation, aerospace, weapons, automobiles, medicine and the like. According to the present invention, transducers are concurrently arranged on the upper surface and the lower surface of the complex surface component, and the different amount of the transducers are arranged on the parts with different curvatures, such that the effective action range of the ultrasonic sensor covers all the positions of the component, wherein the positions of the component require detections. With the present invention, a computer technology is adopted to control the sensor array to rapidly extract the internal information of the complex surface component, such that the detection efficiency can be substantially improved, the disadvantages of low scanning detection efficiency and less collected information content of the traditional single probe can be overcome, and the detection accuracy of the internal defects of the complex surface component can be effectively improved.