Provided is a high-accuracy positioning system and a method based on an Android system. The high-accuracy positioning system comprises a positioning enhancement system and a mobile terminal with an Android operating system, wherein the mobile terminal comprises a GNSS positioning unit, the Android operating system, a pseudo-range difference calculating unit, and a human-machine interaction unit, and when GPS positioning in the mobile terminal cannot work normally, the pseudo-range difference calculating unit respectively receives differential data from the positioning enhancement system, receives satellite raw observation data from the GNSS positioning unit via the Android operating system, obtains high-accuracy positioning results via the difference algorithm, and outputs the results to the human-machine interaction unit. According to the high-accuracy positioning system and the method, based on the pseudo-range difference technology, Wi-Fi hotspots, base station positioning, and IP positioning technology are integrated, rapid and low-cost high-precision cellphone satellite positioning is realized, and the positioning availability is high.