42results about How to "Reduce surface" patented technology

Slurry compositions and chemically activated CMP methods for polishing a substrate having a silicon carbide surface using such slurries. In such methods, the silicon carbide surface is contacted with a CMP slurry composition that comprises i) a liquid carrier and ii) a plurality of particles having at least a soft surface portion, wherein the soft surface portion includes a transition metal compound that provides a Mohs hardness ≦6, and optionally iii) an oxidizing agent. The oxidizing agent can include a transition metal. The slurry is moved relative to the silicon carbide comprising surface, wherein at least a portion of eth silicon carbide surface is removed.

A composition is provided to treat and/or prevent for treating skin conditions including fine lines and wrinkles, acne rosacea, surface irregularities of the skin and hyper-pigmentation melasma of the skin, which includes use of a topically applied composition such as an ointment, lotion, cream, serum, gel or pad applied formulation, containing an effective amount of polyphenols, such as green tea based polyphenols, including but not limited to catechins, such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicathechin 3-gallate (ECG) and epicatechin (EC). The formulation is preferably composed of 90 percent polyphenol isolates, derived from green tea with potent antioxidant properties, to assist in minimizing free-radical induced skin damage.

A process for manufacturing a semiconductor wafer comprises first etching the wafer to reduce damage on the front and back surfaces. An epitaxial layer is grown on the etched front surface of the semiconductor wafer to improve the surface roughness of the front surface. Finally, the front surface of the wafer is final polished to further improve the surface roughness of the front surface.

Waveguide or flow guide surfaces can improve the efficiency of fluid flow through tubes or over surfaces. When incorporated in a tube, the waveguides improve flow and function as sound absorbers making them useful in engine mufflers, firearm silencer/suppressors and jet engine exhaust attenuators. On surfaces, the waveguides can reduce fluid drag and find use on projectiles (e.g., bullets), airfoils for aircraft, and land borne vehicles. The waveguide array in either a tubular chamber or on a surface comprises a plurality of successive wave-like undulations inclined generally in the direction of flow and when employed in tubes extending inwardly to permit an unobstructed path for the fluid gas from entry to exit. The waves define annular wave cavities between their successive inwardly extending edges and the wall of the chamber with each cavity having a cavity mouth open to the unobstructed path. The waveguides are sized and spaced so that gas vortices are created within the cavities when gas flow occurs which vortices create a fluid boundary layer that assists the gas flow.

The present invention relates to a method of regulating and controlling surface temperature of concrete or asphalt structure (the structure) and the like, as well as atmospheric or air temperature around the structure by encapsulating and containing temperature (thermal) control materials (TCMs) or/and water in the structure which constructs or constitutes pavements, roofs, parking lots, walls and the like. Volume ratio of water and one or more TCMs encapsulated and contained in the structure are from 0.01% to 99.99%. Based on simulation analysis, on one hand, the present invention, in summertime, can reduce the highest temperature on surface of the structure by up to 56.5% (reduced by about 46° C.), and reduce the highest temperature of air around the structure by up to 54.4% (reduced by about 48° C.), therefore “heat island” effect in urban areas in summer can significantly be reduced, thus saving cooling energy and benefiting human health. On the other hand, in wintertime, by the invention the surface temperature of the structure can be raised by up to 5.6° C., and the temperature of air around the structure can be raised by up to 5° C., accordingly heating energy demand is reduced.

The present invention provides a method of determining or identifying or isolating a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) or analog or derivative thereof having cell-type selectivity and/or at least capable of passing through a Blood Brain Barrier of an animal subject. This invention also provides CPPs and analogs and derivatives thereof, such as those set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1-27 of the Sequence Listing, and compositions comprising one or more of the CPPs, including conjugates in which a CPP or analog or derivative thereof is linked to a cargo molecule. The invention also provides methods for transporting cargo molecules across cell membranes to specific locations within cells, and for treating, preventing and/or diagnosing diseases that are treatable by a cargo molecule to which a CPP or analog or derivative of the invention is attached. The invention also provides tailored peptide libraries for use in identifying or isolating CPPs.

A colored radiation-sensitive composition contains (A) a dye multimer, (B) a pigment, (C) a polymerizable compound, (D) a photopolymerization initiator, and (E) a dispersion resin obtained by reacting a polymer, which has a hydroxyl group on one terminal, with an acid anhydride.

A vehicle internal combustion piston and method of construction thereof are provided. The piston includes piston body extending along a central longitudinal axis, having an upper combustion wall forming an upper combustion surface and an undercrown surface opposite the upper combustion surface. An annular ring belt region depends from the upper combustion surface, a pair of skirt panels depend from the ring belt region, and a pair of pin bosses depend from the undercrown surface to provide laterally spaced pin bores aligned along a pin bore axis for receipt of a wrist pin. The undercrown surface forms a central undercrown surface, and a portion of either an open outer cooling gallery, a sealed outer cooling gallery, or an outer galleryless region, wherein an insulating coating is applied to at least one of the portions of the undercrown surface.

The invention relates to devices and methods for the separation of species, including biological species and involves the use of free flow isolectric focusing (FF-IEF) devices capable of establishing a pH gradient in a gradient orientation that is perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow. In one embodiment a channel (224) constructed and arranged to receive a fluid flow, comprises non-parallel sidewalls (230, 240) and at least two electrodes (260,262). In a further embodiment the device comprises a first region comprising a first channel and a second region comprising at least two channels fluidly connected to the first channel. A method is also disclosed wherein a channel is provided, the channel comprising a first region and a second region, wherein the first region has a first pH gradient across the channel in a gradient orientation that is perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow and the second region has a second pH gradient across the channel in a gradient orientation that is perpendicular to the direction of fluid flow.

Methods comprising providing a semiconductor substrate; a fin disposed on the semiconductor substrate; a dummy gate disposed over the fin, wherein the dummy gate has a top at a first height above the substrate; and an interlayer dielectric (ILD) disposed over the fin and adjacent to the dummy gate, wherein the ILD has a top at a second height above the substrate, wherein the second height is below the first height; and capping the ILD with a dielectric cap, wherein the dielectric cap has a top at the first height. Systems configured to implement the methods. Semiconductor devices produced by the methods.

The present invention provides a bi-metal assembling method. The method provides a machine-shaped aluminum piece and places the machine-shaped aluminum piece into a die-cast mold. The machine-shaped aluminum piece is encapsulated with a magnesium metal liquid and die cast is performed. The assembled bi-metal structure is coated for protection and CNC high-gross treatment and anodizing treatment is performed in the machine-shaped aluminum piece. The magnesium alloy piece is hooked with the machine-shaped aluminum piece for assembling. The bi-metal structure has smooth surface to reduce the time for polishing, surface shrinkage and generation of blowholes. The present invention also provides a bi-metal assembled structure.