The disclosure relates to reciprocating fluid working devices including internal
combustion engines, compressors and pumps. A number of arrangements for pistons and cylinders of unconventional configuration are described, mostly intended for use in IC engines operating without cooling. Included are toroidal
combustion or working chambers, some with fluid flow through the core of the toroid, a single
piston reciprocating between a pair of working chambers, tensile valve actuation, tensile links between
piston and
crankshaft,
energy absorbing piston-
crank links, crankshafts supported on gas bearings, cylinders rotating in housings, injectors having components which reciprocate or rotate during
fuel delivery. In some embodiments pistons mare rotate while reciprocating. High temperature exhaust emissions systems are described, including those containing filamentary material, as are procedures for reducing emissions during
cold start by means of valves at reaction volume exit. Also disclosed are improved vehicles, aircraft, marine craft, transmissions and
exhaust emission systems suited to the engines of the invention.