The invention discloses a single-bud soilless cutting propagation method of camellia. The method comprises the steps that a seedbed cutting matrix in a plastic greenhouse is prepared from peat and perlite, the volume ratio of the peat to the perlite is 2:1 or 3:2, floor heating lines are laid in a seedbed, and an automatic high-pressure thick mist spraying device is installed in the greenhouse; current-year semi-lignified branches of a maternal plant serve as cuttings, and a stem node, a leaf and a resting bud are retained on each cutting; in the cutting propagation period, the air temperature in the plastic greenhouse does not exceed 30 DEG C, and the temperature of the cutting matrix keeps at 20 DEG C-25 DEG C; the light intensity is 30,000-50,000 lx, the relative air humidity in the greenhouse is 85% or above, and the relative air humidity after rooting is 70%-85%; alternating spraying is performed with a 0.1% thiophanate methyl solution and a 0.1% chlorothalonil solution every other 10 days. According to the method, precise operation is achieved, the repeatability is high, the rooting rate reaches 85% or above, the propagation period is short, and transplanting can be performed after cutting is performed for 90-100 days.