The invention discloses an optical fiber simulated Raman scattering effect based optical neuron and an establishment method thereof. The optical neuron comprises external optical transmitters, a first local optical transmitter, a second local optical transmitter, a subtracter, a combiner, a third optical fiber, an optical filter, a first optical-electrical converter, a second optical-electrical converter and a laser diode, wherein the third optical fiber performs power cumulative summing operation by non-linear effect of simulated Raman scattering. The method includes: selecting the external optical transmitters and the first local optical transmitter, performing coupling output by the combiner, selecting the third optical fiber for power cumulative summing operation, selecting the optical filter, selecting the first optical-electrical converter, selecting the second local optical transmitter and the second optical-electrical converter, constructing the subtracter, and selecting the laser diode for converting electrical signals to optical signals. The optical neuron is novel and reasonable in design, convenient to implement, low in cost, power consumption and noise, rapid in information processing, high in expandability and practicality, good is using effect and convenient to popularize and use.