139results about How to "Good anti-mosquito effect" patented technology

The invention discloses an anti-mosquito finishing process of a textile fabric. The textile fabric is cotton, tencel, modal, blended cotton (viscose cotton, polyester cotton, polyamide cotton), silk, a wool cotton dyed fabric, a thin chemical fiber fabric, a pair of socks, a mosquito net and the like. The process comprises the steps of: selecting a mosquito repellent and a low-temperature fixative, carrying out nano microencapsulation on the mosquito repellent by utilizing a microencapsulation technology, carrying out anti-mosquito finishing on a textile fabric to form an anti-mosquito emulsion through the low-temperature fixative, dehydrating and curing to finally obtain the anti-mosquito finished fabric. The anti-mosquito fabric fabricated by the anti-mosquito finishing process has a fast mosquito killing function, a repelling rate of the anti-mosquito finishing process on aedes albopicus, culex pipiens pallens and the like is higher than 90 percent and an anti-biting rate of the anti-mosquito finishing process is 100 percent; the anti-mosquito fabric does not have bad influence on physical indices such as appearance, strength, moisture absorbing property and the like of the fabric; the anti-mosquito fabric has a good anti-mosquito effect after being washed 15 times; and the anti-mosquito finished fabric does not stimulate or cause allergy to skin, is safe and non-toxic to a human body, and is comfortable to wear.

The invention discloses a mothproof fabric and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method of the mothproof fabric comprises the following steps: weaving natural fibers into an inner layer, synthetic multifilament yarn into a surface course, and polypropylene fiber filament or polyethylene fiber filament fabric into a lapping layer, wherein the inner layer and the surface course are in grid shape; dying in dying liquid at a temperature of 60-105 DEG C for 10-120 minutes; washing with water; drying; and forming, wherein the dying liquid is a missible-oil aqueous solution, missible oil is formed by mixing pyrethroid and ether solvent in a mass ratio of 1:5 to 1:20; the mass ratio of the fabric to the dying liquid is 1:7 to 1:20; and the amount of the missible oil is 5-10% of the fabric weight. The method has short production flows, convenient operation, small consumption of a pyrethroid pesticide and low requirements for fiber material by adopting dying and the additional pyrethroid pesticide; and the fabric prepared by the method has favorable permeability, strong capability of resisting insect invasion and long anti-mosquito effect.

The invention provides a mosquito proof finish agent, process for preparation, and a mosquito proof fabric processed by adopting the process for preparation, wherein the mosquito proof finish agent is mainly composed of cyclodextrin compound, anophelifuge, surface activator, buffering agent, accelerant and cross linking agent, through including the anophelifuge into the cyclodextrin compound hollow chamber and then using the glyoxaline resin as the cross linking agent and then charging certain other addictive to obtain the finish agent. The solution of the mosquito proof finish agent goes through the slop padding, pre-baking and baking procedures and is dressed onto the cloth material through chemical cross linking method to obtain a mosquito proof fabric. In order to improve the mosquito proof effect, the obtained mosquito proof fabric is further dipped by the diethyltoluamide alcohol solution and is dried to complete the process. The mosquito proof fabric has the advantages of safety, long duration of mosquito proof effect and wearing comfort and can be widely applied in the process of each kind of mosquito proof fabric with good social and economy benefits.

The invention relates to a preparation method of polyurethane anti-mosquito aromatic microcapsule, oil phase of prepared material mainly comprises polyisocyanate, perfume and cyclohexane; water phase mainly comprises sodium hydroxide, sodium alginate, anti-mosquito agent and deionized water; the preparation method is that: the oil phase and acetone solution of polyethylene glycol are respectively dripped into water phase at the same time, heated and dripped while being stirred, dripping can be finished in 1.5-2 hours, and the stirring speed is controlled at 400-600 rpm, temperature is maintained at 40-60 degree centigrade, and temperature is raised to 50-70 degree centigrade when dripping is finished, reaction is performed for 1-1.5 hours, crude product vacuum desolvent is obtained, and the final product is white emulsion. The invention uses polyurethane material as capsule material, which is more environmental friendly, and the capsule material has certain resilience for easy manufacturing.

The invention discloses an L-terpineol synergist-containing and beta-cypermethrin-containing synergistic pesticide composition, which is characterized in that: the pesticide composition consists of an active ingredient, a synergist and auxiliary materials, wherein the active ingredient is the beta-cypermethrin; and the synergist is the L-terpineol. The composition can overcome resistance of sanitary pests to the beta-cypermethrin, improves pesticide effect, reduces pesticide dosage, retards pesticide resistance of the pests and has less damage and pollution to ecological environment.

The invention provides skin core porous type anti-mosquito antibacterial fiber. The skin core porous type anti-mosquito antibacterial fiber comprises a composite structure of a core layer and a skin layer; nanometer holes are uniformly distributed in the skin layer uniformly and the diameter of each hole is below 400 nm; the core layer mainly comprises polymer resin and an anti-mosquito agent; andthe skin layer mainly comprises a graphene material and polymer resin. A preparation method comprises the following steps: (A) blending the graphene material, insoluble salt of calcium and / or bariumand polymer resin to serve as the skin layer, blending the anti-mosquito agent and the polymer resin to serve as the core layer, compounding the components of the skin layer and the core layer to perform melt spinning, and enhancing elasticity to obtain composite fiber; and (B) performing acid treatment on the surface of the composite fiber to prepare holes, thereby obtaining the skin core poroustype anti-mosquito antibacterial fiber. According to the embodiment of the invention, nanometer holes are distributed in the surface layer of the fiber, the anti-mosquito agent of the core layer can slowly release outwards through the holes, and a durable anti-mosquito effect is given to the fiber. The graphene added in the skin layer can give high antibacterial and bacteriostatic effects to the fiber.

The invention discloses a moisturizing treatment method for a bamboo weaving raw material, and belongs to the technical field of agriculture. The method includes the following steps: 1) bamboo selection: carefully selecting an extra-long no-node sinocalamus affinis as the bamboo weaving raw material; 2) initial softening: putting the bamboo weaving raw material into a storage room, humidifying, pressurizing and softening; 3) moisturizing treatment: carrying out soaking treatment on the initial-softened material with a moisturizing solution; 4) water balancing: placing the material in the storage room for 18-30 hours; 5) secondary softening: soaking the material with a 8-12% borax solution; 6) weaving: weaving various types of bamboo woven products according to market demands, and after completion of weaving, cleaning to obtain finished products. The bamboo weaving raw material treatment method is simple and prone to actual operation; in the bamboo weaving processing process, the water content in bamboo strips is moderate and sufficient, the elasticity and the extensibility are better, the weaving efficiency is improved, and the bamboo woven product performance is improved.

The invention relates to a method for preparing a polypropylene fiber with anti-mosquito function, which comprises the following steps of: (1) mixing a mosquito repellent and dried polypropylene resin slices and preparing anti-mosquito master batches or anti-mosquito spinning slices by using a double-screw extruder; (2) blending the prepared anti-mosquito master batches and pure polypropylene resin slices for melt spinning, or directly performing melt spinning on the prepared anti-mosquito spinning slices by a whole section method; and (3) drawing an as-spun fiber for shaping. The method is simple and suitable for industrial production; and the prepared fiber has good anti-mosquito effect and the washing fastness of the fiber is improved.

The invention relates to a composite mosquito-proof fabric. The composite mosquito-proof fabric is characterized in that: the composite mosquito-proof fabric is provided with three layers which are woven together, the first layer is a cotton, yarn and silk fiber-woven layer, the third layer is a fine-pore air-permeable fiber-woven layer, and the middle layer is a mosquito-proof layer inorganically wrapped by nano-silver antibacterial composite polyurethane mosquito-proof microcapsules. The composite mosquito-proof fabric has both the mosquito-proof function and the antibacterial function, and is characterized in that: the structure is simple, the cost is low, and the composite mosquito-proof fabric is comfortable to wear.

The invention discloses sophoramine insect-preventing missible oil, a sophoramine insect-preventing fabric and a preparation method of the sophoramine insect-preventing fabric. The sophoramine insect-preventing missible oil comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 5%-15% of pyrethroid, 2%-4% of sophoramine, 8%-15% of an emulsifying agent, and the balance of an organic solvent. The preparation method of the sophoramine insect-preventing fabric comprises the following steps of: (1) diluting the sophoramine insect-preventing missible oil for 50-100 times by water so as to form dip dyeing liquor; and (2) dip-dyeing a fabric in the dip dyeing liquor, spin-drying, washing by water, spin-drying for the second time, and setting, thus obtaining the insect-preventing fabric. A biological source is added to the sophoramine insect-preventing missible oil for achieving the synergistic interaction with pyrethroid, and the sophoramine insect-preventing fabric prepared by the preparation method has strong capacity of resisting invasion of insects such as mosquitoes and has a lasting mosquito preventing effect.

The invention discloses a special anti-mosquito agent for textiles. The special anti-mosquito agent for textiles comprises, by weight, 0.5-2.0% of plant essential oil, 10-20% of a pesticide, 10-20% of a surfactant, 30-50% of a solvent, 5-10% of a fastness enhancer and 10-20% deionized water; the plant essential oil is at least one of lemongrass essential oil, lavender essential oil, tea tree oil, Pelargonium hortorum essential oil, lemon essential oil and mint essential oil; and the pesticide is at least one of tetramethrin, meperfluthrin, fenvalerate and permethrin. The special anti-mosquito agent for textiles has a good mosquito repelling effect, and has an ideal repelling effect on mosquitoes, sand flies, ticks and other hemophagous bugs.

The invention discloses a smart home door, which comprises a door frame and a sliding door. A buffer device is installed inside the door frame, and a buffer plate is welded on the right side of the buffer device. A screen door buckle, and a screen door reel is installed above the door frame, a screen door groove is arranged in the middle of the screen door reel, and support rods are fixed on the left and right sides of the screen door reel, and the inside of the support rod A reel is installed, and a gauze is arranged in the middle of the reel, a slide rail is provided under the screen door panel, and a pulley is installed inside the slide rail, a chute is provided under the sliding door, and the sliding door is located on the buffer plate On the right side of the door frame and the inner side of the activity room, there are moving rails welded below, and a placement plate is fixed below the moving rails. The smart home door has a beautiful appearance and a long service life. During use, the strength of opening and closing the door can be effectively controlled to prevent children from being pinched. At the same time, it can prevent mosquitoes and has good ventilation.

The invention discloses a method for producing mosquito prevention textile fabric. The method comprises the following steps of: coating a microcapsule adhesive mixed with prallethrin onto the surface of the fabric; and carrying out afterfinish and drying on the fabric. The invention overcomes the defects of the prior art and provides the simple method for producing the mosquito prevention textile fabric which has the advantages of no toxicity or harm and long-lasting mosquito prevention effect.

The invention relates to the field of production of socks and discloses a preparation method of a pair of plant essential oil anti-mosquito cotton socks. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing materials, namely twisting cotton or blend of the cotton and polyester fibers to form staple fiber yarns, and respectively twisting polyester fibers, polyamide fibers and polyurethane fibers to form continuous filament yarns; (2) knitting socks, namely feeding the staple fiber yarns and the continuous filament yarns into a sock knitting machine to be knitted, so that a sock semifinished product is obtained; (3) finishing, namely impregnating the sock semifinished product into water, adding a plant essential oil anti-mosquito finishing agent into the water at the same time, and carrying out washing treatment for 3-25 minutes, wherein the plant essential oil anti-mosquito finishing agent contains 3-82wt% of plant essential oil and 18-97wt% of water; and (4) setting, namely sheathing a sock board with the sock semifinished product, carrying out steam heating at the temperature of 101-185 DEG C, pressurizing, and drying, so that the cotton sock finished product is obtained. The prepared anti-mosquito cotton socks still can keep anti-mosquito effect after being worn and washed for multiple times, and meanwhile have air permeability of cotton socks and are soft and comfortable.

The invention provides electrical automation equipment which comprises a heat dissipation shell, electrical equipment, a control panel, a ventilation frame, a ventilation net, a fixed bolt, a supporting base, a movable bolt, a protection plate, a lamp holder and an anti-mosquito lamp tube, and the electrical equipment is connected into the heat dissipation shell through a bolt; a control panel isconnected to the middle of the right side of the front portion of the heat dissipation shell through screws. A cooling pipe, a circulating pipe, an air bellow, a refrigerating machine, a protective net and a fan are arranged, so that heat dissipated by the electrical equipment can be discharged; heat dissipation and cooling can be carried out; the working stability of electrical equipment is ensured; refrigeration is carried out through the refrigerating machine, cooling circulation is continuously carried out through the circulating pipe and the cooling pipe, a good cooling effect can be achieved on the electrical equipment, meanwhile, heat dissipated by the electrical equipment can be collected through the air bellow through the draught fan, filtered through the protective net and finally discharged, environmental pollution is avoided, and meanwhile the cooling and heat dissipation effect is improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of wallpaper, in particular to anti-mosquito wallpaper which sequentially comprises a base material layer, a resin layer, an ink layer, an anti-mosquito adhesion layer and a waterproof breathable layer from bottom to top. The anti-mosquito wallpaper is good in mosquito repellent effect and high in water resistance and breathability. According to the anti-mosquito wallpaper, each layer is composited through various coating and printing methods, the waterproof breathable layer is prepared by combination with a core-shell emulsion polymerization process, the anti-mosquito adhesion layer is prepared through a microcapsule process, so that the prepared anti-mosquito wallpaper is good in mosquito repellent effect and high in water resistance and breathability.

An electric fan that has the functions of both eradicating mosquitoes and removing dust is a multifunctional electric appliance. The working principle of high-voltage ionization and negative high-voltage neutralization dust-removing theory are utilized to the current electric fan so as to reduce the volume and thickness of a dust catcher, in which purple light spot is formed in the ground tungsten and a trace of carbon dioxide is released during the process of ionization so as to attract mosquitoes and eradicate them electrically under high voltage. Thus, an ordinary electric fan becomes a multifunctional electric appliance that can eradicate mosquitoes and remove dust at the same time. Air passes by the parts in the ionization area, and then the air is ionized under the function of high-voltage tungsten and ground tungsten, and positive ions are absorbed to the dust, the negative high-voltage in the metal wire neutralizes and absorbs the positive ions after passing by the parts in the dust collection area, after that, the air is driven by the vanes in the motor of the electric fan and then flows out from the rotating vanes so as to purify the air.

The invention discloses an anti-insect fabric, which consists of a lining layer made of natural fibers or artificial fibers, a face layer made of synthetic fiber multifilaments, and a lapping layer arranged between the lining layer and the face layer and made of polypropylene or polyethylene fiber monofilaments. The lining layer, the face layer and the lapping layer all contain pesticide components. The fibers adopted in the invention all can be recycled for jet-spinning again at low cost, and the processed fabric has good hand-feeling. The inventive anti-insect fabric has good air permeability, high resistance against insects such as mosquito, and long lasting anti-insect effects.

The invention relates to a solar ultrasonic mosquito dispeller which is characterized by comprising a main body and a clamping seat, wherein the clamping seat bears and fixes the main body; the outer surface of the main body is provided with a solar cell plate; the main body is also provided with an ultrasonic generator driven by the solar cell plate; and the back surface of the clamping seat is provided with non-setting adhesive adhering the clamping seat to the outer side of a window and forms an inserting groove to contain the main body in the inserting groove. The solar ultrasonic mosquito dispeller is fixed at the outer side of the window; on the one hand, the solar ultrasonic mosquito dispeller is driven by solar power generation, thereby having saving and environmental protection; on the other hand, sent ultrasonic waves drive mosquitoes and the like and resist the enemies outside the gates, thereby playing a better mosquito preventing role; and in addition, the invention has easier fixation.

The invention discloses an external gel preparation, a preparation method and application thereof and in particular relates to an external gel preparation for controlling mosquito bite. The external gel preparation is mainly prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 0.5-10 parts of chitosan, 20-75 parts of inflammation-diminishing traditional Chinese medicine extract, 1-10 parts of menthol, 5-40 parts of gel matrix material, and 600-1000 parts of acetic acid existing in an amount capable of completely dissolving chitosan and ethanol and water existing in an amount capable of completely dissolving menthol. The external gel preparation disclosed by the invention is prepared from traditional Chinese medicine components and non-toxic raw materials, is applied to skin, has obvious effects of killing bacteria and diminishing inflammation, relieving etching and pain and removing toxic materials, has small side effects to a human body and is non-irritating to skin, and is good in mosquito bite control effect and low in cost, and batch production can be realized.

The invention relates to the technical field of daily chemical product type mosquito repellents applied to the surface of skin of a human body and particularly relates to an ethanol-free anti-mosquitocomposition capable of improving the effects of p-menthyl-3,8-diol. Selected grease is capable of well dissolving p-menthyl-3,8-diol at the normal temperature, has certain dissolving capacity at a low temperature and can be uniformly spread on the surface of the skin, an added water-resistant film forming agent is capable of generating a synergetic spreading effect and prolonging the standing time of p-menthyl-3,8-diol on the surface of the skin, so that the influences caused by external moisture and moisture in sweat to an anti-mosquito film formed on the surface are reduced, and the anti-mosquito effect is improved; and besides, by adding butanediol, the solubilizing of p-menthyl-3,8-diol can be assisted, so that the separation of crystals is prevented. By conditioning the proportion ofgrease to other components in the composition, the product with a stable system and good skin feel experience can be acquired.

It relates to a frameless glass wire gauze window. A seal strip is fixed inside between two frameless glass window and the fixed connecting strip of the inside of the frameless glass window connects with the fixed connecting strip of the fixed connecting strip at the end of the wire gauze in embedment. It is simple, novel in design, convenient and practical, high in working efficiency, reduced in cost, improved in lighting efficiency and ventilation effect, a substitute of existing glass windows.

The invention relates to the field of screen windows, in particular to a detachable external hung screen window which mainly solves the problems that in the prior art, the screen window installing difficulty is large, the manufacturing cost is high, and maintaining and washing are inconvenient. The detachable external hung screen window comprises a window frame, a screen frame, a screen and a hookconnecting part. An installing box is arranged on the upper side of the window frame. A hook assembly is arranged in the installing box. The hook assembly is provided with a supporting portion whichis of an arc structure. The hook connecting part comprises a hook part used for hooking the supporting portion, a first connecting portion used for being connected with the screen frame, and a secondconnecting portion connected between the first connecting portion and the hook part. An inlet is formed between the hook part and the second connecting portion. The curvature radius of the hook part is smaller than that of the supporting portion. A screen frame notch is formed in the upper end portion of the screen frame. The first connecting portion is embedded into the screen frame notch. A separation preventing assembly for preventing the hook connecting part from separating from the hook assembly is arranged on the portion, located between the installing box and the screen frame, of the window frame. The screen is detachably arranged on the screen frame.

The invention relates to a soap composition used for mosquito and fly prevention. The composition is prepared through using 18-20 parts by weight of myristate soap, 45-50 parts by weight of potassium laurate soap, 5-8 parts by weight of capric acid soap, 3-4 parts by weight of octanoic acid soap, 4-6 parts by weight of sodium palmitate soap, 1-3 parts by weight of stearic acid soap, 3-4 parts by weight of oleic acid soap, 1-2.5 parts by weight of linoleic acid soap, 13-15 parts by weight of diethyl-m-toluamide, 1.0-1.5 parts by weight of pyrethroid and 0.2-0.4 parts by weight of straight-chain aliphatic acid. The composition is prepared by taking the above raw materials according to the above weight proportions, uniformly mixing, and processing to prepare a soap bar. The soap composition used for mosquito and fly prevention has the advantages of use convenience, good mosquito and fly prevention effects, non-toxicity to human bodies, and non-irritation, and can form an insect prevention film on the skin.

The invention provides a method for preparing an anti-mosquito EVA (Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate copolymer) shoe sole material. The method comprises the following steps: (1) crushing lemon grass by a crusher so as to prepare lemon grass powder, adding the lemon grass powder into a supercritical CO2 extraction pool for extracting so as to obtain extract liquor, carrying out re-extraction by using diethyl ether, taking out a diethyl ether layer, and then, carrying out drying, so as to obtain a lemon grass extract for later use; (2) carrying out ball-milling on apatite, adding apatite powder and the lemon grass extract into a stirrer, carrying out stirring at room temperature so as to obtain a lemon grass-apatite mixture, adding the lemon grass-apatite mixture into an ethanol solution, carrying out uniform stirring, then, adding a coupling agent into the solution for ultrasonic dispersion, transferring the dispersion solution into a constant-temperature water bath, carrying out stirring, carrying out discharging, then, carrying out suction filtration and washing, and carrying out drying, so as to obtain a modified lemon grass-apatite mixture for later use; (3) pouring EVA, zinc white, stearic acid and the modified lemon grass-apatite mixture into a Banbury mixer for first-stage mixing, adding diisopropylbenzene hyperoxide and azobisformamide into the Banbury mixer for second-stage mixing, then, carrying out roll mixing and granulating so as to obtain granules, carrying out injection molding, and carrying out baking, thereby obtaining the anti-mosquito EVA shoe sole material. The shoe sole material prepared by the method has a very good anti-mosquito function.

The invention discloses an antibacterial carpet. The antibacterial carpet comprises a detachable traditional Chinese medicinal antibacterial layer. The traditional Chinese medicinal antibacterial layer comprises a plurality of antibacterial traditional Chinese medicinal tablets and a plurality of woven bags, wherein the antibacterial traditional Chinese medicinal tablets are arranged in the woven bags. The antibacterial traditional Chinese medicinal tablets comprise pokeberry roots, lavender, sweet wormwood, wormwood, lemongrass, momordica cochinchinensis, rhamnus utilis and vines of schisandra chinensis. The antibacterial carpet has the advantages that the antibacterial carpet has remarkable effects of inhibiting bacteria, repelling mosquitoes and insects, soothing the nerves, helping sleeping and refreshing the air; the traditional Chinese medicinal antibacterial layer is detachable, so that the antibacterial traditional Chinese medicinal tablets can be replaced after efficacy loss; in the traditional Chinese medicinal antibacterial layer, one antibacterial traditional Chinese medicinal tablet corresponds to one woven bag, so that the antibacterial mosquito-insect repelling effect of the traditional Chinese medicinal antibacterial layer can be extended, and the anti-skid effect and the health-care effect of massaging sole acupoints can be realized; the lavender, the sweet wormwood, the wormwood and the rhamnus utilis in the antibacterial traditional Chinese medicinal tablets cooperate with each other to achieve the effect of inhibiting and killing the bacteria, especially have the remarkable effect of inhibiting breeding of acarids.

The invention discloses a mosquito net with stand easy to folding up and preserving, technical issue solved is how to fold up and guarantee benefits for preventing mosquito; said net comprising net itself and stand; said stand consist of 4 horizontal poles, 4 upright ones and controlling component for supporting said upright poles, each of both sides of 4 horizontal connected with nearing upper end of 2 upright poles, thus to form a net roof frame of rectangle; said net itself consists of net roof and curtain whose upper brims are sewn with 4 sides of net roof, the net itself , upper above to lower down is covered with stand pole, or connecting the 4 corners of net roof with the upper part of stand poles, or covering the horizontal poles with cloth sleeve sewn to brims of net roof; said net is characterized by connections of two sides of horizontal poles with stand ones are articulated, among 4 horizontal poles at least there is one thereof to be connected uprightly at ease.

A mosquito-repellent Lycra fabric comprises Lycra fabric and mosquito-repellent drug attached to the Lycra fabric; the mosquito-repellent drug is a mixture of 50 to 60 parts of mugwort leaf extract, 40 to 50 parts of tea saponins, and 3 to 4 parts of para-menthane-3, 8-diol. The specific mosquito-repellent drug is attached to the Lycra fabric, the Lycra fabric can be provided with good mosquito-repellent effect, and the Lycra fabric is applicable to making of outdoor elastic clothes such as swimsuit and tights.

The invention discloses an anti-mosquito finishing agent and a preparation method thereof and belongs to the technical field of protection materials. The anti-mosquito finishing agent is prepared fromraw materials in parts by weight as follows: 5-10 parts of modified nanoparticles, 1-3 parts of a difunctional dispersant, 5-7 parts of aloe juice, 3-5 parts of modified starch, 3-7 parts of cyclodextrin, 1-3 parts of gel, 1-3 parts of glycerin, 1-3 parts of a preservative and 30-50 parts of deionized water. The anti-mosquito finishing agent can release different quantities of anti-mosquito components according to change of environmental temperature, humidity and the like and is good in anti-mosquito effect and long in service life. Fabric finished with the anti-mosquito finishing agent has excellent anti-mosquito performance, durability and high adhesion. The preparation method of the anti-mosquito finishing agent is mature in process, low in production cost, green and non-toxic in the production process and suitable for large-scale popularization and application.