1387 results about "Drive by wire" patented technology

An improved system and method for personalizing the ride and / or handling characteristics of a motor vehicle are disclosed. An example system for personalizing or individualizing the ride and / or handling characteristics of a motor vehicle is disclosed, which includes a processing unit, a memory unit, an interface unit, and a plurality of electronic control modules coupled to each other by a high speed data rate communications bus. The interface unit is also coupled to a read unit and a wireless input unit. The system can be operated in a centralized mode or a distributed mode. The read unit and wireless input unit can read in or receive, and forward to the interface unit, an individual's personal motor vehicle ride and / or handling characteristics data stored in a memory component of a device in that individual's possession. For example, an individual (e.g., driver, etc.) may carry a palm device (e.g., PDA, Palm Pilot®, etc.) including a memory component that stores that individual's personalized ride and / or handling characteristics data. The read unit can include, for example, a docking station for the palm device, which conveys the individual's personalized data from the memory component in the palm device to the interface unit. As another example, the individual may carry a cellular radiotelephone including a memory component. In this case, the wireless input unit can include, for example, a cellular radiotelephone or similar device that is compatible for operations with the individual's cellular device, and the individual can use the cellular device to transmit the individual's ride and / or handling characteristics data from the memory component to the interface unit via the wireless input unit. Thus, the processing unit and / or control modules can execute suitable algorithms for controlling the ride and / or handing characteristics of a motor vehicle, based on the individual's personalized data. Also, the use of a high speed data rate communications bus enables the system to meet future high speed data rate and processing requirements (e.g., drive-by-wire, etc.).

The invention discloses a forward safety monitoring and warning device for an automobile. The forward safety monitoring and warning device comprises a decision-making system, a perception system, a laser radar module, an ultrasonic radar module, a driving system, an intelligent remote control unit, and a man-machine interactive system, wherein the decision-making system syncretises data collected by perception system and processes it according to the decision algorithm, and acquires decision-making data to control the vehicle and control the vehicle to execute the control task; the perception system connected with the decision-making system comprises a differential GPS module used to provide vehicle position information and heading attitude; the laser radar module is used for acquiring barrier information of the front of the automobile; the ultrasonic radar module is used for sensing environmental information around the automobile; the driving system is connected to the decision-making system through an intelligent remote control unit and the intelligent remote control unit is also connected with an actuating mechanism in the bottom of the automobile for controlling the automobile and switching automatic driving mode and traditional mode; the man-machine interactive system is used to display vehicle status, command information, conduct performance and geographic information. The adoption of drive-by-wire chassis and modular design reduces the cost of debugging, improves the efficiency of developing and facilitates expansion.

Methods and systems for a full-scale vertical takeoff and landing manned or unmanned electric aircraft, having an all-electric, non-hydrocarbon-powered lift and propulsion system, an integrated avionics system for navigation and guidance, and simple joystick and throttle controls to provide the operator with ‘drive by wire’ style direction control. The vehicle employs counter-rotating sets of propellers and lift is provided by multiple pairs of small electric motors driving directly-connected, counter-rotating sets of propellers. Automatic computer monitoring by one or a plurality of programmed redundant digital motor management computer or autopilot controls each motor-controller and motor to produce pitch, bank and elevation, while simultaneously restricting the flight regime that the pilot can command. Sensed multi-axis information and parameter values about vehicle state are used to provide stable vehicle control and to detect when stable vehicle operating limits are about to be exceeded.

A vehicle chassis is controlled remotely using a drive-by-wire system and a propulsion system, such as fuel cell technology. The remote control feature takes advantage of drive-by-wire technology in that the control signals used in powering, driving and controlling a chassis are electrical as opposed to mechanical signals. In this manner, the electrical impulses are used to remotely control the vehicle, which enables remote movement of the chassis during manufacturing, assembly, and shipping, as well as parking and docking and undocking of the chassis with a corresponding body.

A fault-tolerant architecture, comprising fault tolerant units, a wire-based communication bus, and respective radio transceivers is offered. The fault-tolerant units communicate using the radio transceivers when communication via the wire-based communication bus is compromised by a fault. The intent is to enhance reliability and fault-tolerance of a distributed system architecture, such as a steer-by-wire system for a vehicle. The novel drive-by-wire / wireless architecture uses multiple wireless sensors and short-range low power radio transceivers associated with various micro-controllers. These sensors and radio transceivers allow the micro-controllers to communicate critical control signals and drive commands in the event of a communications fault, e.g. in a vehicle drive-by-wire system.

The invention provides an electromagnetic clamping mechanism which comprises an electromagnet, a permanent magnet and a deformable body. The permanent magnet is arranged on a magnetic link of the electromagnet, a control magnetic circuit is formed between the permanent magnet and the electromagnet, the permanent magnet moves relative to the electromagnet under the drive of the magnetic field of the control magnetic circuit, the deformable body is driven to deform, and then clamping locking and releasing are achieved. The invention further provides a linear driving device and combination with the electromagnetic clamping mechanism. According to the electromagnetic clamping mechanism and the linear driving device and combination with the electromagnetic clamping mechanism, due to the fact that magnetic poles of the permanent magnet and the electromagnet make contact with each other or are close to each other, the functions of large driving force, large displacement, high-precision driving and power off clamping keeping are formed, existing electric and magnetostrictive drive material application equipment and instruments are improved, and the electromagnetic clamping mechanism and the linear driving device and combination with the electromagnetic clamping mechanism can be widely applied in the field of drivers (actuators), brakes, sensors, motors, vibration and control equipment, robots, precision manufacturing, biomedical engineering and the like.

The portable simulation system is a computer-based driving simulator, which uses an actual drive-by-wire vehicle as an input device, and a portable display to present a simulated Virtual Driving Environment (VDE) to the driver. The vehicle remains immobile with engine switched off. Embedded vehicle sensors are being used as simulator controls connecting to a portable computer via OBD II or similar on-board interface. A portable computer runs simulation software or a computer game. Electronic suspension actuators, wherever available, may be used to improve simulation experience by providing a limited vehicle tilt motion. Certain on-board vehicle's computers, including computers for mapping, gaming or entertainment, may be used to run simulation software, thereby reducing the simulator to a software application. Described driving simulator does not require external power source and can be operated at any parking space using any drive-by wire vehicle, including driver's own vehicle.

Te invention provides a driving method of a drive-by-wire driving system and the drive-by-wire driving system, and relates to the technical field of automatic driving. A corresponding controller is arranged between an accelerator pedal position sensor and an engine management system in advance, and the controller can be used for checking the accelerator pedal position sensor and / or an upper-layercontrol instruction of an automatic driving upper-layer controller, so that when the accelerator pedal position sensor and / or the upper-layer control instruction are / is abnormal, an automatic drivingmode is switched to an artificial driving mode in time, the safety of automatic driving is guaranteed, and further the technical problem that in the prior art, safety of automatic driving is low due to the fact that fault detection cannot be carried out on the upper-layer control instruction of the automatic driving upper-layer controller and / or the accelerator pedal position sensor of a vehicle is solved.

Methods and systems for a full-scale vertical takeoff and landing manned or unmanned electric aircraft, having an all-electric, non-hydrocarbon-powered lift and propulsion system, an integrated avionics system for navigation and guidance, and simple joystick and throttle controls to provide the operator with ‘drive by wire’ style direction control. The vehicle employs counter-rotating sets of propellers and lift is provided by multiple pairs of small electric motors driving directly-connected, counter-rotating sets of propellers. Automatic computer monitoring by one or a plurality of programmed redundant digital motor management computer or autopilot controls each motor-controller and motor to produce pitch, bank and elevation, while simultaneously restricting the flight regime that the pilot can command. Sensed multi-axis information and parameter values about vehicle state are used to provide stable vehicle control and to detect when stable vehicle operating limits are about to be exceeded.

The mower has at least two independently driven wheels that are each capable of bi-directional rotation. The at least two wheels are independently driven so that operation of the at least two wheels causes the at least two wheels to independently rotate which propels and steers the mower. A microprocessor controls the operation of the at least two wheels in accordance with signals received by the microprocessor. The mower has at least one controller. The at least one controller sends signals to the microprocessor that the microprocessor uses to control the operation of the at least two wheels. The operation of the at least one controller causes the at least two wheels to propel and steer the mower.

It is an object of the invention to provide a technique for further improving the vibration reducing performance in a power impact tool that linearly drives a tool bit by using a swinging mechanism. According to the invention, a representative power impact tool is provided with a motor, a rotating shaft, a swinging member, a tool driving mechanism and a counter weight. The swinging member is supported by the rotating shaft to swing in the axial direction of the rotating shaft by rotation of the rotating shaft. The counter weight is disposed in a region higher than a lower end region of the swinging member in the vertical direction to intersect with the axis of the rotating shaft, and a lower end of the counter weight is connected to the lower end region of the swinging member. The counter weight extends upward from the connection between the counter weight and the swinging member and has a pivot point in the extending end portion, and when the swinging member swings, the counter weight is driven by the swinging member to rotate in the axial direction of the tool bit, thereby reducing vibration caused in the axial direction of the tool bit.

An energy regeneration device of a drive-by-wire braking system comprises a gearbox, an oil tank, an electromagnetic clutch, a hydraulic oil pump / motor, an electromagnetic distributing valve, a first electromagnetic reversing valve, a high-pressure energy accumulator, a second electromagnetic reversing valve and a low-pressure energy accumulator. A hydraulic brake is additionally arranged on a brake disc of each wheel, and an increasing gear mechanism is additionally mounted on an output shaft of the gearbox. By the aid of a method for accumulating and releasing braking energy, accumulated energy of the high-pressure energy accumulator can be released when an automobile starts and accelerates, a starting performance and an acceleration performance of the automobile are improved, accumulated energy in the low-pressure energy accumulator can also be directly applied to the wheels during braking and used with a braking motor of the drive-by-wire braking system to realize braking of the automobile, and braking energy recycle efficiency is improved. When the drive-by-wire braking system fails and cannot work normally, the device can be used as an emergency braking system, and the accumulated energy in the energy accumulators is used for realizing parking braking of the automobile. The energy regeneration device is particularly suitable for pure electric automobiles.

The invention discloses a four-wheel steering vehicle rollover prevention system and a control method thereof. The four-wheel steering vehicle rollover prevention system comprises a sensor module, a drive-by-wire rear-wheel steering module, a front wheel differential brake module, a rollover evaluation unit, a route planning unit and a controller ECU; and the sensor module comprises a vehicle velocity sensor, a steering wheel angle sensor, a vehicle body rolling angle velocity sensor, a vehicle body rolling angle sensor, a yaw velocity sensor and an acceleration sensor. The rollover prevention control is carried out through the front wheel differential brake module, and the original driving intention of a driver is kept through the rear-wheel steering module, so that a secondary accident possibly resulting from the traditional rollover prevention control without considering the driving intention is avoided.

The invention discloses an automatic two-stage drive-by-wire multiple-gear transmission. A primary inner gear ring is constantly meshed with a first high-speed gear and a second high-speed gear along the peripheral inner sides of the gears. A secondary fly wheel inner gear ring is constantly meshed with a third high-speed gear, a fourth high-speed gear, a fifth high-speed gear and a sixth high-speed gear along the peripheral inner sides of the gears. A secondary fly wheel central gear is constantly meshed with a seventh high-speed gear. The high-speed gears are respectively connected with the driven ends of electromagnetic clutches, and the driving ends of the electromagnetic clutches are respectively connected with driving gears. The driving gears are respectively meshed with driven gears. Separation and connection of the electromagnetic clutches are respectively controlled by an electrical control unit, and drive control of forward gears and reverse gears is achieved. The automatic two-stage drive-by-wire multiple-gear transmission has multiple gears, is compact in structure and free of mechanical or hydraulic gear-shifting parts and adopts drive-by-wire power gear shifting.

The invention discloses a drive-by-wire automatic transmission with multiple gears annularly arranged. A high-speed gear of each advancing gear is constantly engaged with a flywheel inside engaged gear. A high-speed gear of a back gear is constantly engaged with a central outside engaged gear. A driving gear and a driven gear of each gear are constantly engaged with each other. A first-gear main shaft, a second-gear main shaft, a third-gear main shaft, a fourth-gear main shaft and a back-gear main shaft are annularly arranged on the periphery of an intermediate shaft of the transmission. Engagement and disengagement of an electromagnetic clutch of each gear are controlled by an electronic control unit, so that power transmission of each gear is achieved. Power gear shifting is achieved in a drive-by-wire mode. The drive-by-wire automatic transmission with the multiple gears annularly arranged has the advantages that the structure is compact, drive-by-wire power gear shifting is adopted, and mechanical or hydraulic gear shifting components are omitted.

A marine propulsion drive-by-wire control system controls multiple marine engines, each one or more PCMs, propulsion control modules for controlling engine functions which may include steering or vessel vectoring. A helm has multiple ECUs, electronic control units, for controlling the multiple marine engines. A CAN, controller area network, bus connects the ECUs and PCMs with multiple PCM and ECU buses. The ECU buses are connected through respective isolation circuits isolating the respective ECU bus from spurious signals in another ECU bus.

Methods and apparatus are provided for controlling drive-by-wire vehicle operation using redundant wireline and wireless communication links. Outputs received from a driver controlled vehicle feature are interpreted by a functional control module and converted to actuator commands to be transmitted over either the wireline or wireless communication link to an actuator to execute the driver desired maneuver or vehicle function (e.g., steering, braking, lights, etc.). A communication controller periodically tests the communication links to determine which are operative. Under normal conditions the commands are transmitted over the wireline communication link. If the wireline communication link fails the commands are automatically switched to the wireless communication link. If both links fail, a failsafe strategy is initiated.

The invention provides a rotary knob type drive-by-wire gear shifter and relates to the technical field of electronic and electric control of automobiles. The rotary knob type drive-by-wire gear shifter comprises an upper shell, a middle shell, a lower shell, a gear shifting rotary knob and two linear Hall sensors, wherein the upper shell, the middle shell and the lower shell are fixedly connected together; the gear shifting rotary knob is arranged between the upper shell and the middle shell in a penetration manner; the two linear Hall sensors are arranged below the gear shifting rotary knob and are simultaneously used for sensing a request gear of a gear lever. The rotary knob type drive-by-wire gear shifter provided by the invention is capable of improving the driving comfort, saving the internal space of the automobile and also realizing lightening of the overall automobile.

The invention provides a differential assisted hydraulic steer-by-wire method of an all-wheel independent electrically driven articulated vehicle, and belongs to the technical field of engineering machinery. The articulated vehicle structurally and mainly comprises a front vehicle body, a rear vehicle body, an articulated body, independent electrically driven wheels, controllers, a drive-by-wire articulated hydraulic steering system, a main controller, a steering wheel system and the like, wherein the main controller is an upper controller of the complete vehicle and receives steering signals of the steering wheel system, and the front vehicle body and the rear vehicle body rotate by controlling the articulated hydraulic steering system and all the electrically driven wheels to act so as to achieve steering. The method is based on the controllable articulated vehicle all-wheel independent drive, and the problems that the response speed is low, the steering angle is limited by a steering structure, tyres are seriously abraded and the steering energy consumption is high in existing articulated hydraulic steering modes are solved through the cooperation of differential steering and hydraulic steer-by-wire steering.

The invention provides a drive-by-wire hydraulic brake system and brake control method for independently controlling four-wheel pressure. Four pressure control units in the system are connected with abrake main cylinder pipeline in a brake pedal mechanism through a main cylinder normally open switch electromagnetic valve, each pressure control unit is respectively composed of a normally open switch electromagnetic valve, an electronic control pressurizing unit, and a normally open linear electromagnetic valve in series sequentially; the down stream of the normally open linear electromagneticvalve is respectively with a brake wheel cylinder, pressure sensors are arranged on a pipeline where the normally open linear electromagnetic valve and the brake wheel cylinder are connected; the electromagnetic valves, the sensors and the electronic control pressurizing units are respectively in signal connection with an electronic control unit; the brake control method comprises a brake controlmethod of an effective state of electrifying and a brake control method of a failure state of outage. The four pressure control units respectively independently control the pressurization, pressure preservation or pressure reduction of the brake wheel cylinder. The drive-by-wire hydraulic brake system for independently controlling four-wheel pressure and the brake control method thereof can actively build up pressure, rapidly pressurize, accurately control pressure and has functions of failure braking and regenerative braking during vehicle braking.

A driver control input device includes a support post and a steering ring rotatably supported with respect to the support post. A steering transducer is operatively connected between the steering ring and support post to convert mechanical rotation of the steering ring into non-mechanical steering control signals to be sent to a steer-by-wire system. A braking ring and acceleration ring may also be provided for generating non-mechanical braking and acceleration control signals.

The invention provides a drive-by-wire independent steering-driving integrated double wishbone suspension system based on a double crank mechanism. The drive-by-wire independent steering-driving integrated double wishbone suspension system based on the double crank mechanism comprises a wheel steering angle sensor, a worm gear reducer, a servo motor, a bracket, an upper swinging arm, a driving rod, a driving rod ball, a connecting rod, a lower swinging arm, a lower swinging arm ball stud, a hub, a driven rod ball, a steering knuckle, a driven rod, an upper swinging arm ball stud, a PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) controller and a CAN bus system. The invention is advantaged in that a steering mechanism does not occupy additional space during realizing drive-by-wire four-wheel, the steering error is furthest reduced, the adverse effect of the wheel hop on the working state of a decelerating device when a vehicle runs on a complicated pavement can be effectively decreased, and toe-in interference caused by reverse input can be effectively avoided. As steering wheel signal feedback is also included, the closed-loop control of the system can be realized, accurate steering can be realized and the vehicle steering performance can be very well improved. The excellent effects are extremely helpful for the promotion of the drive-by-wire independent steering-driving integrated double wishbone suspension system in the vehicle industry.

Land vehicle with electric brushless DC motors attached to planetary gear final drives of modular design controlled by an ECU “electronic control unit. Electrical power is supplied by removable modular battery packs on a roll out tray and / or an Enginator an ICE “Internal Combustion Engine” with a Generator in one integrated unit running on combustible fuel. The body of the vehicle having a universal electrical connector that connect the drive-by wire chassis components to control the vehicle.

The invention provides a drive-by-wire 3D selfie stick, and relates to the field of support equipment for mobile phone photographing and 3D stereo photography. In order to solve the problem that a conventional single camera mobile phone cannot shoot 3D stereo images, the invention provides a drive-by-wire 3D selfie stick. The drive-by-wire 3D selfie stick comprises a handle, a circuit control module, a left drive-by-wire key, a right drive-by-wire key, a synchronous key, a telescopic link, a left drive-by-wire plug and a lead, a right drive-by-wire plug and a lead, a joint, a longitudinal guide rail, a sliding sleeve, a left cross arm, a right cross arm, a left ruler, a right ruler, a left mobile phone clip and a fixing part, a right mobile phone clip and a fixing part and a longitudinal guide rail end connecting piece. When the drive-by-wire 3D selfie stick is used for self-shooting, a support part can also be added with a convex rearview mirror or a reflector. The drive-by-wire 3D selfie stick provided by the invention is characterized in that drive-by-wire single camera mobile phones of different types can be installed in parallel and driven by wires synchronously to photograph left eye images and right eye images of the 3D stereo images of left and right formats. The drive-by-wire 3D selfie stick is mainly used for personalized photography and mobile terminal media entertainment.

The invention relates to an automatic driving system and a control method thereof. The automatic driving system comprises sensors, a vehicle-mounted calculation unit and a drive-by-wire execution mechanism; the vehicle-mounted calculation unit comprises a visual perception processor, a fusion decision unit and a safety control unit; the visual perception processor directly processes data acquiredby the sensors and reasonably distributes the data to the fusion decision unit and the safety control unit; the fusion decision unit makes a decision plan on the basis of vehicle body state data and drive-by-wire part data, and transmits decision plan information to the safety controller; and the safety controller sends a motion control instruction to the drive-by-wire execution mechanism according to the decision planning information. According to the automatic driving system and the control method thereof of the invention, the calculation processing tasks of the sensors with different data characteristics are ingeniously distributed to different component modules of the calculation platform. On the basis that the safety, redundancy and high efficiency of the system are guaranteed, the manufacturing cost of the automatic driving automobile is greatly reduced, and a direction is pointed out for the mass production of automatic driving vehicles.

The invention discloses a composite drive-by-wire brake system and brake control method for independently controlling four-wheel pressure. Two electromechanical brake modules in the system are both electromechanical pressurizing units in signal connection with an electronic control unit, two electronic hydraulic brake modules are both connected with a brake main cylinder pipeline in a brake pedalmechanism, each electronic hydraulic brake module is composed of a normally open switch electromagnetic valve, an electronic hydraulic pressurizing unit, normally open linear electromagnetic valves and a brake wheel cylinder in series sequentially through pipelines, pressure sensors are arranged on a connecting pipeline of the brake wheel cylinder, the electromagnetic valves, the electronic hydraulic pressurizing units and the pressure sensors are all respectively in signal connection with the electronic control unit; the brake control method comprises a brake control method of an effective state of electrifying and a brake control method of a failure state of outage. The composite drive-by-wire brake system and brake control method for independently controlling four-wheel pressure can overcome the deficiency of a single line control system, can independently achieve rapid pressure buildup of four wheels and accurately control pressure, and have functions of failure braking and regenerative braking.

The invention relates to a drive-by-wire differential steering system and method for a distributed driving electric vehicle. The drive-by-wire differential steering system for the distributed driving electric vehicle comprises a detection module, a drive-by-wire differential steering control module and a steering executing module, wherein the detection module is used for detecting running parameters; the drive-by-wire differential steering control module is used for obtaining target output torques of a front axle driving motor and a front axle right driving motor and transmitting a motor control signal; and the steering executing module is used for realizing differential steering of the electric vehicle. The drive-by-wire differential steering method for the distributed driving electric vehicle comprises the steps that a vehicle controller obtains the running speed of the electric vehicle; the drive-by-wire differential steering controller calculates according to a steering angle of a steering wheel and the running speed to obtain a front axle differential torque of the electric vehicle; the vehicle controller calculates to obtain a front wheel driving motor target torque; the drive-by-wire differential steering controller respectively obtains target output torques of a left front wheel and a right front wheel through calculation; and a motor controller controls a driving motor and a steering executing component to move and also controls a steering wheel aligning moment motor to output moment. Compared with the prior art, the drive-by-wire differential steering system for the distributed driving electric vehicle has the advantages of simple structure, accurate steering and so on.

The invention discloses a multi-mode power-assisted steering system based on drive-by-wire steering and a control method of the system. The system comprises a steering mechanical module, an electric hydraulic power-assisted module, an ECU control module, a rotary switch and a vehicle-mounted sensor, and has five working modes including a wire control mode, an electric hydraulic driving steering mode, an electro-hydraulic composite active steering mode, an electric hydraulic steering mode and a mechanical steering mode. The system can meet requirements of drivers for different driving experiences through switching of various modes, and when the wire control steering mode and other modes are faulty, the safety of the driver can be better guaranteed through mode switching.

The invention discloses a control system of a virtual rail bus or train. The control system comprises a vehicle head detection assembly which is mounted on a vehicle head assembly and is used for acquiring a state signal of a vehicle head, a compartment state detection assembly which is mounted on a compartment assembly and is used for acquiring a state signal of a compartment, a vehicle tail state detection assembly which is mounted on a vehicle tail assembly and is used for acquiring a state signal of a vehicle tail, and a trace following controller which is used for reckoning coordinate information of the mass center of each compartment body and coordinate information of each axle according to data detected by the state detection assemblies, wherein the trace following controller transmits a steering instruction to a drive-by-wire steering gear of each axle through a communication network to follow traces of rear wheels and front wheels. The control system of the virtual rail bus or train has the advantages of simple theory, convenient operation, capability of achieving optical control effect and the like.

The invention discloses a steering control method of a drive-by-wire hydraulic steering system of a commercial vehicle. The drive-by-wire hydraulic steering system comprises a steering wheel module, amechanical steering module, a hydraulic transmission module and a control module. An electronic control unit (ECU) in the control module outputs signals to control the operation of a hydraulic pump driving motor and an electromagnetic reversing valve, and drives a connecting rod mechanism to change the turning angle of wheels by changing oil pressure on two sides of a piston of a hydraulic cylinder; and the ECU also outputs current signals and feeds corresponding steering feel back to a driver through a steering feel motor to complete drive-by-wire hydraulic steering. When the drive-by-wire hydraulic steering fails, the ECU outputs commands to engage a failure clutch to start the mechanical steering module. The steering control method of the drive-by-wire hydraulic steering system of thecommercial vehicle is capable of intelligently setting a variable transmission ratio so as to improve the response ability and safety of the steering system of the commercial vehicle and improve the steering performance of the vehicle in general. In addition, in the event of failure of the drive-by-wire hydraulic steering, the steering system can be switched to a reliable mechanical transmission so as to ensure the operability of vehicle steering by the driver in emergencies and ensure the safety of the vehicle.