The invention discloses a hydro-liquefied iron-based catalyst containing carbon materials and a preparation method and application of the hydro-liquefied iron-based catalyst. The method comprises the following steps that 1, a ferrous sulfate solution is prepared; 2, when SiO2 and / or Al2O3 is contained in an additive, a silicon source and / or aluminum source are / is added to the ferrous sulfate solution, a precipitating agent is added for coprecipitation, and precipitated slurry is obtained; 3, the precipitated slurry is washed with water and filtered to obtain a filter cake; 4, the missible-oil-shaped iron-based catalyst is obtained according to the following step 1 or 2, according to the step 1, the filter cake is mixed with solvent naphtha or mixed liquid of solvent naphtha and a dispersing agent to obtain a mixture, the mixture is crushed through mechanical stirring, the crushed material is sheared to obtain the missible-oil-shaped iron-based catalyst, the dehydration process is carried out during the shearing process, and according to the step 2, when MgO and / or CaO is contained in the additive, the method is carried out according to the following step a or b. The missible oil catalyst is stable in system state, is not layered in the storage process, and can be continuously stored for more than three months without going bad, and therefore the catalyst is very suitable for large industrial use.