49results about How to "Pain reliever" patented technology

The invention relates to a method for using microbe to produce the food which can improve cell function of human, wherein it comprises that: protein, amino acid, nucleic acid, and niacin, several vitamins and microelements. And the production comprises that: 1, preparing mother liquid that immerging rice materials, heating and boiling, adding hot water, reducing temperature, adding composite enzyme, adding yeast, fermenting; adding yeast; fermenting, to obtain the mother liquid; 2, preparing gel that immerging rice materials, boiling in water, filtering, extracting gel; 3, preparing final product that mixing mother liquid and gel at 1:1-3; adding isomaltose hypgather gel to be mixed; filtering, removing slag, disinfecting and bottling. The invention can improve immunity.

A Chinese medicine in the form of ointment of spray for treating burn, scald and sore is prepared from 9 Chinese-medicinal materials including gypsum, calamine, cuttlefish bone, pearl, etc through respectively calcining and parching, pulverizing, proportional mixing, adding vaseline, and stirring. Its advantage is high curative effect.

An ointment for treating burn and scald is prepared from 8 Chinese medicinal materials including liquoice root, bletilla tuber, Chinese gall, arnebia root, etc. through extracting in animal oil at 150-300 deg.C for 15 min-2 hr, filtering to remove dregs and cooling. Its advantages are quickly healing and short course of treatment (7-14 days).

The invention provides a Chinese medicament for treating herpes and wart, which is prepared from raw materials including Chinese angelica root, purslane, clerodendroa cyrtophyllum, job's tears, alkanna tinctoria, astragalus root, isatic root, pangolin scales, silver flower and capsule of weeping forsythia. The medicament can be prepared into oral liquids or granules.

The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine preparation, and in particular relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composite gel agent for treating trauma as well as a preparation method and application of the traditional Chinese medicine composite gel agent. The traditional Chinese medicine composite gel agent for treating trauma, which is provided by the invention, is prepared from a traditional Chinese medicine extract of 7 raw material medicines, namely moghania macrophylla, angelica sinensis, astragalus membranaceus, cacumen biotae, cape jasmine, sanguisorba officinalis and mint, and has the effects of clearing heat and removing toxin, cooling blood and removing stasis, removing swelling and relieving pain and stopping bleeding and generating muscle. Meanwhile, the traditional Chinese medicine composite gel agent for treating trauma, which is provided by the invention, is good in antibacterial property, rapid in pain stopping, good in treatment effect, short in treatment course, free of toxic or side effect, free of scar after treatment, high in treatment rate, and can be widely applied to aspects such as burning and scald, infectious trauma and bedsore.

The invention discloses Chinese medicinal compositions for treating burns and preparations method thereof. The first Chinese medicinal composition is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-22 parts of coptis roots, 15-22 parts of charred garden burnet roots, 6-9 parts of skebia stems, 5-8 parts of dragon blood, 5-8 parts of sinkiang arnebia roots, 15-22 parts of duck bones, 8-13 parts of chrysanthemums, 8-13 parts of mongolian dandelion herb, 8-10 parts of honey, 8-10 parts of lime and 8-12 parts of vitamin D. The second Chinese medicinal composition is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 18-22 parts of duck oil, 5-10 parts of pearl powder, 8-12 parts of gypsum portions, 20-25 parts of aloes, 15-22 parts of egg white, 8-10 parts of beeswax, 8-12 parts of vitamin A and 12-18 parts of vitamin E. The first Chinese medicinal composition has the functions of inhibiting and killing bacteria, diminishing inflammation, relieving pain, removing necrotic tissues and promoting the regeneration of tissues, the second Chinese medicinal composition has the functions of promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, eliminating dampness, astringing sores and moistening skin, so that the first Chinese medicinal composition and the second Chinese medicinal composition can achieve the purposes of treating both symptoms and root causes. Due to the preparation methods, the extraction rate of active components of the medicinal materials can be increased, and the Chinese medicinal compositions have application values.

The invention discloses a medicine for treating burn injury, and a preparation method and a use method thereof. The medicine for treating the burn injury is prepared from the following raw materials in the following usage amounts: 80 to 120g of raw gamboges, 30 to 70g of raw radix aconiti carmichaeli, 400 to 600g of secretio bufonis, 40 to 60g of hydrargyri oxydum rubrum, 100 to 300g of datura flowers, 100 to 200g of common andrographis herb, 5 to 15g of dried body of centipede, 40 to 60g of borneol and 400 to 600g of safflowers. The medicine provided by the invention belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicines, and overcomes various defects of the existing medicine for treating the burn injury; when the medicine is used, the special arrangement of an aseptic ward in the treatment process is not needed; after the medicine is smeared, the superficial wound surface pain can be relieved; in addition, after the healing, a scar is not obvious; no scar can be left on a patient with a skin wound surface or even a small-area wound surface; the wound surface healing speed is high; the pain and the economical burden of the patient are greatly reduced. The medicine can also be used for treating trauma such as knife wounds and skin scratching injury.

The invention discloses a Chinese medicinal composition for treating scalds, which comprises the following constituents (by weight ratio): garden burnet root 30-50, willow leaves 20-40, sesame oil or tea seed oil 20-40g.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine for treating cholecystitis, and belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicines. The traditional Chinese medicine is prepared from the following raw materials: Chinese thorowax, nutgrass galingale rhizome, fructus aurantii, fructus gardeniae, radix curcumae, myrrh, Chinese rhubarb, white peony root, forsythia suspensa, rhizoma corydalis, pangolin scale, curcuma zedoaria, szechwan chinaberry fruit, radix curcumae, herba artemisiae scopariae, dried radix rehmanniae, ligusticum wallichii, costus root, common selfheal fruit-spike, giant knotweed rhizome, radix scutellariae, fleeceflower root, Chinese wolfberry, dried orange peel, herba lysimachiae and radix glycyrrhizae preparata. After the medicines are combined, the traditional Chinese medicine has the efficacies of regulating qi to alleviate pain, dispersing stagnated liver qi for promoting bile flow and warming middle energizer to arrest vomiting, and the internal environment of an organism returns to normal, so that not only the symptoms but also the root cause of the cholecystitis are treated, and the traditional Chinese medicine has the advantages that the traditional Chinese medicine takes effect quickly, the pain is alleviated quickly, the treatment is thorough, toxic and side effects are small.

The invention belongs to the technical fields of traditional Chinese medicine science and traditional Chinese medicines, and especially relates to a traditional Chinese medicine formula for treating trigeminal neuralgia. The formula comprises, by weight, 1-3 parts of Scheffter leacantha Vig., 2-4 parts of Tupidanthus calyptratus Hook. f. et Thoms., 1-3 parts of rhizoma gastrodiae, 1-3 parts of Periostracum Cicadae, 1-3 parts of lumbricus, 2-4 parts of Ficus pumila, 2-4 parts of Uncaria homomalla Miq., 2-4 parts of Rhizoma curcumae longae, 2-4 parts of Manchurian wildginger, 1-3 parts of Caulis et Folium Stauntoniae, 1-3 parts of Marasmius androsaceus, 2-3 parts of honeycomb, 1-3 parts of Ligusticum wallichii, 1-3 parts of hooker winghead root and 2-4 parts of Sevenlobed Yam Rhizome. Above traditional Chinese medicines adopted in the formula are processed to prepare a tincture ear drop, and can realize transdermal absorption through external auditory canal; medicinal effective components of capillary tubes directly act on trigeminal nerve root, and the formula has the efficacy of warming meridians and relaxing veins, dispelling blood stasis and eliminating pains, nourishing nerves, restoring damaged nerves, recovering normal functions of trigeminal nerves and treating trigeminal neuralgia; and the formula has the advantages of fast pain relieving, good effect, high cure rate, safety, and no toxic or side effects.

The invention discloses a black plaster. The black plaster is prepared from 2000 to 3000g of sesame oil, 50 to 70g of angelica sinensis, 40 to 60g of radix saposhnikoviae, 25 to 60g of rhizoma notopterygii, 20 to 40 parts of radix paeoniae rubra, 20 to 40 parts of radix angelicae pubescentis, 50 to 70g of spica prunellae, 40 to 60g of herba taraxaci, 70 to 90g of crocus sativus, 70 to 80g of radix dipsaci, 90 to 110g of radix achyranthis bidentatae, 130 to 170g of herba portulacae, 60 to 100g of radix aconite, 60 to 100g of semen strychni (roasted), and 1000 to 2000g of minium. The black plaster is capable of relieving swelling and pain, removing toxicity, removing the necrotic tissue and promoting granulation, and astringing wound; and can be used for treating traumatic injuries, joint sore, fracture and dislocation, wind blocking and arthritis with fixed pain caused by dampness, tuberculosis, hyphosis and pigeon breast, innominate inflanunatory of erosion of vulva caused by unknown origins; detumescence is fast, toxicity removing is fast, and wound healing is fast; no food should be avoided; and no toxicity or side effect is caused.

The invention discloses meridian-activating to stop pain tincture and a preparation method of same. The medicine includes, by mass, 1-5 parts of angelica sinensis, 1-3 parts of flos carthami, 1-3 parts of red peony roots, 1-3 parts of dipsacus roots, 1-3 parts of radix clematidis, 1-3 parts of rhizoma drynariae, 1-5 parts of lycopodium clavatum, 1-5 parts of Chinese starjasmine stem, 1-3 parts ofradix aconiti preparata, 1-5 parts of caulis spatholobi stem, 1-3 parts of radix cyathulae, 1-3 parts of pericarpium citri reticulatae viride, 1-3 parts of peach kernels, 1-3 parts of divaricate saposhnikovia roots, 1-3 parts of notopterygium roots, 1-3 parts of radix angelicae pubescentis, 1-3 parts of agilawood, 1-3 parts of scorpions, 1-3 parts of centipedes, 1-3 parts of long-noded pit vipers,1-3 parts of camphor, 1-3 parts of menthol, 1-3 parts of wintergreen oil, and 50-100 parts of 60-degree baijiu. The medicine solves the problems that swelling-eliminating and pain-relieving medicinesin the prior art are low in medicine liquid content and poor in curative effects.

The invention relates to a dandelion electuary and making method through dispensing raw material of 70-90% dandelion and 10-30% Baomazi with percentage by weight to produce after choosing, steaming and stewing, extracting plasmogen, thickening and sterilizing through ultraviolet, which solves the problems of dandelion health food with less agent kinds, low extracting composition rate and less bioavailability. The invention is characterized by the following: having effects of heat clearing and detoxicating, removing obstruction and relieving pain and removing dampness by diuresis and promoting drench; utilizing all natural non-pollution plants as material to form electuary to convenient oral administration and long-term storage. The invention has simple making method with short production circle and low production cost, achieves 95% bioavailability and more than 90% active component rate, which is an ideal daily beverage.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating gastric erosion. The composition is characterized by being prepared from the following traditional Chinese medicine raw materials in parts by weight: 5-15 parts of scutellaria baicalensis, 1-5 parts of coptis chinensis, 10-20 parts of hedyotis diffusa, 10-20 parts of immature bitter orange, 5-15 parts of rhizoma pinellinae praeparata, 5-15 parts of dried tangerine or orange peel, 10-20 parts of mangnolia officinalis, 20-40 parts of codonopsis pilosula, 5-15 parts of atractylodes macrocephala, 10-20 parts of poria, 3-10 parts of liquorice, 20-40 parts of astragalus membranaceus, 5-15 parts of the shell of areca nut, 20-40 parts of Chinese yam, 20-40 parts of semen coicis and 5-15 parts of radix hedysari. The composition is prepared from pure traditional Chinese medicines, has the effects of clearing away heat and toxic materials, relieving sore and generating muscles, relieving pain and removing stasis, tonifying qi and tonifying spleen, and the like, and has the advantages that a remarkable curative effect on gastric erosion is achieved, both symptoms and root causes are treated, no toxic or side effect is caused, the disease is unlikely to relapse after being healed, and the like.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicinal ointment for treating neurodermatitis and a preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicinal ointment, and belongs to the field of traditional Chinese medicine. The active ingredients of the traditional Chinese medicinal ointment are prepared from the following raw materials: garden sorrel, herb of aciculate chrysopogon, argum groundsel herb, elm leaf, ghostplant wormwood herb, China fir, scabrous mosla herb, basil, hairyflower actinidia root and leaf, belvedere fruit, leaf mustard, Japanese white birch bark, gynura herb, emblic leafflower leaf, bastard indigo and repent pellionia herb. The traditional Chinese medicinal ointment disclosed by the invention is appropriate in compatibility of the selected medicinal materials, and consistent with the principles of traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine; the ointment has functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, promoting convergence and tissue regeneration, relieving pain and removing stasis, removing dampness and eliminating arthralgia; the ointment has a unique curative effect on treating neurodermatitis, and the ointment is significant in curative effect, convenient to use, short in treatment course, rapid in effect taking, free from reoccurrence after recovery, safe and free from toxic and side effect, wonderful in curative effect and practical to use, and is worthy of wide popularization and application.

The invention belongs to the technical field of the traditional Chinese medicine and particularly relates to a traditional Chinese medicine formula for treating prosopalgia. The traditional Chinese medicine is prepared from the following traditional Chinese medicine raw materials in parts by weight: 2-5 parts of holly leaves, 2-5 parts of largeleaf dogwood bark, 2-5 parts of creeping psychotria branchlet and leaves, 3-5 parts of lamprey, 3-5 parts of marmot bone, 2-3 parts of alyxia sinensis champ, 2-3 parts of climbing fig, 2-3 parts of ants, 2-3 parts of canescent wikstroemia, 2-3 parts of divaricate saposhnikovia root, 2-3 parts of radix angelicae pubescentis and 2-3 parts of turmeric. All medicines cooperate with one another, so that the efcfets of dispelling wind and relieving pain, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals, and dispelling wind and activating meridian are realized; the externally-used medicine permeates to main and collateral channels of skin, so that the prosopalgia can be treated effectively, and no side effect and low in possibility of relapse are realized.

An object of the invention is to provide a drug for treating burns and scalds. The drug comprises raw materials of sesame oil, coptidis rhizome, cera chinensis, borneol, radix sophorae flavescentis, liquorice, radix angelicae, angelica sinensis, honey and red lead. The preparation method mainly comprises the steps of smashing borneol and cera chinensis into crude powder; then smashing red lead, coptidis rhizome, radix sophorae flavescentis, radix angelicae and liquorice into fine powder; heating the sesame oil to a temperature of 120 DEG C; immersing the smashed cera chinensis in the sesame oil for 2 hours; putting the smashed red lead, coptidis rhizome and radix sophorae flavescentis in the sesame oil; heating the sesame oil; adding the smashed radix angelicae, liquorice and angelica sinensis when the sesame oil is cooled to a temperature of 40 DEG C; immersing for half an hour; then heating the sesame oil to a temperature of 100 DEG C; adding borneol and honey when the drug oil is cooled to a temperature of 55 DEG C with stirring until the bornel and honey are completed dissolved; and cooling completely to obtain a paste, so that a product is obtained.

The invention refers to a burn-scald drug making method, decocting cangshu 1.2-2.2% (wt%), wenshu 0.7-1.7%, bletilla striata 1.6-2.6%, raw liquorice 0.7-1.7%, Radix astragali 0.7-1.7%, beeswax 4-5%, fresh onion 17-33% and balsam 43-83% to make the burn-scald drug. The drug is externally applied. When the drug is applied, the patientí»s paint disappears with 5-10 minutes. It can not remain any scar and make the skin fully recover and have shine. The curative effect is quick and it has no side effect.

The invention belongs to the technical field of the traditional Chinese medicine and particularly relates to a traditional Chinese medicine formula for treating postoperative prosopalgia. The traditional Chinese medicine is prepared from the following traditional Chinese medicine raw materials in parts by weight: 5-10 parts of schefflera kwangsiensis, 5-10 parts of ligusticum wallichii, 5-10 parts of angelica dahurica, 3-5 parts of radix aconiti preparata, 3-5 parts of ligusticum sinense, 3-8 parts of as asarum, 5-10 parts of piper longum, 3-5 parts of liquorice, 3-5 parts of ephedra, 2-3 parts of processed radix aconiti lateralis, 5-8 parts of marasmius androsaceus(Fr.)Fr, 3-5 parts of musk, 3-5 parts of storax, 3-5 parts of mint, 3-5 parts of jasmine, 5-10 parts of evodia, 3-8 parts of ramuli et spina uncariae, 2-3 parts of bile arisaema, 2-3 parts of dried ginger and 3-5 parts of divaricate saposhnikovia root. The traditional Chinese medicine adopting the formula is prepared into a tincture to be dropped into ears, external auditory canals percutaneously absorb and effective constituents of the medicine directly act on the trigeminal nerve root through microvessels, so that the effects of dispelling wind and relieving pain, relaxing tendons and activating collaterals and dispelling wind and activating meridian are realized; the externally-used medicine permeates to main and collateral channels of skin, so that the prosopalgia can be treated effectively, and no side effect and low in possibility of relapse are realized.

The invention discloses a medicine and a preparation method thereof for treating burn, scald and ulcer. The medicine is prepared from the following raw materials in weight portion: 200 to 500 portions of gypsum, 20 to 60 portions of borneol, 10 to 50 portions of Cynanchum paniculatum, 10 to 50 portions of Rumex madaio, and 10 to 50 portions of sanguisorba. The medicine has excellent efficacy of growing flesh and muscle. Through clinical medical treatment, the medicine has the advantages of short treatment period, less pain for patient and low treatment cost. Recovered skin is gradually changed to be same as uninjured skin, and no scar is reserved on the skin after the injury is cured with excellent efficacy. The medicine not only is applicable to the burn, the scald and abscess ulcer, but also has prominent efficacy on traumatic hemorrhage, slow healing after surgery and various scabies.

The invention belongs to the technical field of drugs for external use, and particularly relates to compound artificial leather and a preparing method thereof. The compound artificial leather is prepared from sesame oil, borneol, musk, saffron crocus, dragon blood, cutch, rheum officinale, radix angelicae, coptis chinensis, polygonum cuspidatum, radix rehmanniae, sanguisorba officinalis, dandelion, lithospermum and angelica sinensis. The compound artificial leather is mainly used for treating burns and scalds, and timely treatment of burns and scalds under the level of deep three degree is free of permeation and does not need fluid infusion; infection is avoided, and skin-grafting is not needed; pains can not be caused, and anesthesia is not needed; scars can not be generated, and an operation is not needed; treatment time is short, and a wound can be cured quickly. The compound artificial leather can also be used for treating various of skin traumas, chemical injuries and persistent and incurable wounds. Equipment adopted in the preparing method is simple, operation is easy, and production cost is low.

The invention provides a liver nourishing and protecting traditional Chinese medicine which is a liver nourishing and protecting traditional Chinese medicine having a small side effect and a remarkable treatment effect. The traditional Chinese medicine is prepared from, by weight, 20-30 g of ganoderma lucidum, 20-30 g of astragalus membranaceus, 10-15 g of rabdosia rubescens, 10-15 g of radix bupleuri, 8-10 g of gentiana scabra bunge, 15-20 g of glossy privet fruits, 20-30 g of tremella, 15-20 g of a spreading hedyotis herb, 10-15 g of lobelia, 10-15 g of a barbed skullcap herb, 8-10 g of poria cocos, 8-10 g of capillary artemisia, 5-8 g of licorice roots.

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine for treating a skin wound surface, and belongs to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine pharmacy. The traditional Chinese medicine is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 3 to 11 parts of traditional Chinese medicine composition and 70 to 80 parts of absolute ethyl alcohol, wherein the traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from radix stemonae extract, radix sanguisorbae extract, folium artemisiae argyi extract, cortex moutan extract, fructus cnidii extract, rhizoma atractylodis extract, radix scutellariae extract, fructus gardeniae extract, radix sophorae flavescentis extract and herba menthae extract. Firstly, in the wound surface hemostasis, detumescence and anti-inflammatory processes, the detumescence, hemostasis and anti-inflammatory effects of the extracts are synergistically achieved; the effects of fast easing pain and sealing the wound surface are achieved; secondly, in the whole wound surface incrustation and healing process, the antibacterial effect of the extracts is synergistically achieved; the wound surface infection is inhibited; thirdly, in the whole wound surface incrustation and healing process, the effects of promoting the epidermis blood circulation, resisting the oxidization and whitening the skin of the extracts are achieved; and the incrustation falling is promoted; the scar generation is avoided.

The invention discloses an external pain-relieving spray for treating burn injury and a preparation method thereof. The external pain-relieving spray is characterized by being prepared from the following components in parts by weight: 10 parts to 30 parts of periostracum cicadae, 40 parts to 60 parts of menthol, 1 part to 3 parts of pericarpium zanthoxyli, 4 parts to 7 parts of borneol, 2 parts to5 parts of radix sanguisorbae, 3 parts to 8 parts of rhizoma coptidis, 3 parts to 6 parts of herba dendrobii, 4 parts to 8 parts of radix rehmanniae, 3 parts to 7 parts of radix polygonati officinalis and 1 part to 4 parts of leaves of sophora japonica. The invention also discloses a preparation method of the external pain-relieving spray for treating burn injury, and also discloses a method fortreating pain of the burn injury. The method comprises the following steps: sterilizing, and applying the external pain-relieving spray for treating the burn injury to burned skin; increasing heat todisperse the burned skin. The external pain-relieving spray for treating the burn injury disclosed by the invention is rich in sources of the raw materials, low in cost and convenient to use, has an obvious treatment effect of the burn injury, can make the burned parts to be quickly healed, can effectively remove scars, can grown up new skins, and has an effect of instantly relieving pain caused by minor burns and shingles.

The invention relates to a dandelion electuary and making method through dispensing raw material of 70-90% dandelion and 10-30% Baomazi with percentage by weight to produce after choosing, steaming and stewing, extracting plasmogen, thickening and sterilizing through ultraviolet, which solves the problems of dandelion health food with less agent kinds, low extracting composition rate and less bioavailability. The invention is characterized by the following: having effects of heat clearing and detoxicating, removing obstruction and relieving pain and removing dampness by diuresis and promotingdrench; utilizing all natural non-pollution plants as material to form electuary to convenient oral administration and long-term storage. The invention has simple making method with short production circle and low production cost, achieves 95% bioavailability and more than 90% active component rate, which is an ideal daily beverage.

The invention discloses a plant emulsion for treating soft tissue injury after exercise and a preparation method of the plant emulsion. The plant emulsion is prepared from the following components inpercentage by weight: 5-15% of a holly extract, 1-6% of a mint extract, 15-20% of a polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, 0.5-3% of isopropyl myristate, 1-5% of 1, 3-butanediol and 51-77.5% of water.

The invention discloses a skin care preparation and the preparation method, belonging to the technical field of skin care and health care products. People can not help meeting the conditions like being bitten by a mosquito and especially being stung by a bee, skin xerochasy or wind crack, dermatophytosis and so on, intolerable to the great pains and without any work to describe. The key point of the technique proposal in the invention is that the emollient is prepared by flower plants, Kakorot and showy sedum, which are used as the main raw materials, with functions of detumescence and detoxification. The purpose of the invention is that the emollient can prevent skin xerochasy, dispel dermatophytosis, prevent mosquito bites, and particularly quickly relieve the pain or itching at the hurt parts after being stinging.

The invention discloses a prescription for treating pain in the neck, the shoulders, the waist and the legs, belonging to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. The prescription comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 8-12 g of radix aucklandiae, 8-12 g of radix curcumae and 8-12 g of rhizoma corydalis. The prescription for treating pain in the neck, the shoulders, the waist and the legs can effectively and quickly relieve pain.

The invention discloses an emollient and the preparation method, belonging to the technical field of skin care and health care product. People can not help meeting the conditions like being bitten by a mosquito and especially being stung by a bee, skin xerochasy or wind crack, dermatophytosis and so on, intolerable to the great pains and without any work to describe. The key point of the technique proposal in the invention is that the emollient is prepared by flower plants, Kakorot and showy sedum, which are used as the main raw materials, with functions of detumescence and detoxification. The purpose of the invention is that the emollient can prevent skin xerochasy, dispel dermatophytosis, prevent mosquito bites, and particularly quickly relieve the pain or itching at the hurt parts after being stinging.