The invention relates to a positioning device of an absolute type grating ruler photoelectric receiving device, belongs to the technical field of photoelectric measurement, and aims at solving the problems of poor reliability and low precision of a grating measuring mechanism in the prior art. The positioning device comprises a support structure, a device adjusting mechanism, an indicating grating adjusting mechanism and a CCD (charge coupled device), wherein the support structure consists of a base, a middle seat, an upper end support frame and a connecting rod, the device adjusting mechanism is fixedly arranged on the upper end support frame, and realizes the fixation and the adjustment of the photoelectric receiving device, the indicating grating adjusting mechanism is fixedly arranged at the middle seat and realizes the fixation and the adjustment of an indicating grating, the CCD is fixedly arranged on the base, the upper end of the CCD is connected with an objective lens, the relative positions of the photoelectric receiving device and the indicating grating are observed through the objective lens and the CCD, and further, the bonding is realized. The mechanical fine adjustment is adopted, in addition, the imaging of the CCD in a computer is utilized for observation, the operation is convenient, the observation is clear, the adjustment time is greatly reduced, and the reliability and the precision of the whole grating ruler measuring mechanism are also improved.