The invention relates to a chainless bicycle based on cam-crank-slide bar transmission. The chainless bicycle comprises a frame, a front wheel, a rear wheel and pedals. The rear wheel is fixed on the frame through a rear wheel axle, and a transmission mechanism driving the rear wheel to rotate is arranged at the lower end of the frame and comprises a cam, a crank, a connecting rod, a slide bar and a roller, wherein the cam is fixed on the inner sides of the pedals, the crank is fixed on the rear axle, the rear end of the connecting rod is rotatably connected with the crank, the slide bar is connected with the front end of the connecting rod, the roller is rotatably connected at the front end of the slide bar and is in circumscribed rolling connection with the cam, one side of the rear end of the slide bar is connected with a bearing through a short shaft, guide rails allowing the bearing to slide on are arranged in the frame between the rear axle and the pedals, a gas spring is connected to the short shaft, and the rear end of the gas spring is fixed on the frame. The chainless bicycle based on cam-crank-slide bar transmission has the advantages of simple structure, little friction force, time saving, high efficiency, less proneness to faults, capability of achieving chainless transmission to avoid chain falling and trousers clamping, high speed, easiness in maintenance and modification on an existing bicycle and the like.