The invention discloses a high-speed burst signal synchronization and equalization device and method, and relates to the technical field of optical access. The device includes an equalizer, a time synchronizer and an equalization controller. The equalizer receives the uplink burst signal, and under the control of the equalizer controller, transmits the calculated equalized output to the time synchronizer in the blind equalization mode or the training equalization mode. Wherein, the PSBu data pattern of the uplink burst signal includes two parts, A+ and A-, which are negatively correlated. The time synchronizer finds the uplink burst signal based on the PSBu data mode, performs boundary identification, and feeds back to the equalizer controller. The equalization controller controls the equalizer to switch between the blind equalization mode and the training equalization mode according to the preset equalization control state machine according to the feedback. The present invention effectively combines the advantages of the two equalization modes, not only can efficiently equalize but also effectively guarantee the payload bandwidth of the system, and can also improve the quality of synchronization and training to meet the actual application requirements.