The invention discloses a high-precision information processing system for a star sensor. According to the high-precision information processing system, a FPGA module comprises a photoelectric detector time sequence generator module, an image processing module, a protocol layer data interaction control module, a CPU collaborative working interface module, a data management module and a precision temperature control module, wherein the photoelectric detector time sequence generator module is used for transmitting a detector driving signal, the image processing module is used for receiving and processing star map data output by a detector, the protocol layer data interaction control module is used for carrying out protocol interaction with external equipment, the CPU collaborative working interface module is connected to an external CPU processor, and the data management module is used for managing various data packages. The high-precision information processing system has the advantagesthat the calculation load of a CPU is shared, and the parallel information processing capability is remarkably improved; the time sequence control, image background estimation and star point mass center extraction of the photoelectric detector are completed in real time, so that the requirements of real-time image processing and anti-stray-light high-reliability image processing strategies are met; and the temperature of the detector is acquired in real time, a precision temperature control technology for a semiconductor refrigerator is achieved, the integration degree of a circuit system isimproved, the cost is conveniently lowered, the product miniaturization is facilitated, and the measurement precision of the star sensor is improved.