The invention discloses a special vehicle health state evaluation method and device, and the method comprises the steps: constructing a key subsystem, a key part and a feature parameter according to avehicle structure, and distributing a weight for the key subsystem, the key part and the feature parameter; analyzing historical data of the characteristic parameters of the key component, and constructing a characteristic parameter envelope spectrum; obtaining real-time characteristic parameter data of the key component, obtaining an abnormal deviation degree of each characteristic parameter according to the key characteristic parameter envelope spectrum, and determining a health index of the key component corresponding to the characteristic parameter; determining a health index of the key subsystem according to the key subsystem, the key component and the characteristic parameter weight of the key component; and obtaining a health state evaluation report of the vehicle according to thekey subsystem and the health indexes of the key components. According to the invention, noise extraction and elimination can be carried out from multiple angles of the time domain and the frequency domain, the anomaly is detected, the anomaly result and the anomaly degree are obtained, the defect that the traditional method has high requirements on data is overcome, and the health state evaluationprecision is improved.