The invention discloses a polarization laser radar calibration method based on a Jones matrix, and a polarization laser radar. The method is used for correcting a depolarization ratio of a polarization laser radar. According to the calibration method, the polarization direction of emission laser is changed by use of a half-wave plate, through angle change of the half-wave plate, a depolarization ratio of the angle change of the half-wave plate and a depolarization ratio change rate value are obtained, a Diff function comparing a depolarization ratio function with a depolarization ratio change rate function is established, the Diff function is fitted by use of a least square method, a Jones matrix constant of a system is obtained, and according to the Jones matrix constant, a corresponding half-wave plate optimization rotation angle is obtained; and when the polarization laser radar carries out long-distance detection, the half-wave plate optimization rotation angle is maintained unchanged, and by use of the Jones matrix constant, the depolarization ratio is corrected by use of the Jones matrix in a receiving optical path. According to the invention, bidirectional determination is realized through the Jones matrix constant and the half-wave plate angle, the scaling precision is high, and relative errors are small.