The invention relates to an arterial puncture system and a method for determining an arterial puncture position. The arterial puncture system is provided with a surgical bed, mechanical arms, a braking device, an arterial detection device, a skin disinfection device, an arterial fixation device, a puncture needle operation device, an arterial pressing device and a control platform, and the controlplatform includes an image acquisition and analysis module, an image reconstruction module, a mechanical arm control module, a position collection module, a braking module, an arterial detection module, an arterial puncture module and an arterial hemostasis module. The method for determining the arterial puncture position is completed by using the arterial puncture system. Human body imaging, human body contour recognition, pulse-induced skin pressure change and the like are organically combined, a relationship between pulse wave conduction velocity and blood vessel wall hardness is utilizedto eliminate arterial diseases, and the complete fully-automated precise positioning arterial puncture system with practical operability is constructed.