The invention relates to the data acquisition and equipment fault diagnosis field, in particular to a portable vibration data acquisition device and a method based on embedded technology. The device comprises an acceleration transducer, an acceleration transducer interface module, a capacitance isolation module, a programmed control amplifying module, a self-adapting antialiasing filter, an AD converter and the bus interface of the converter which are connected in turn; moreover, the device also comprises an ARM minimum system, a DIM144 interface module, a singlechip as well as an electronic label module, a keyboard, a power source management and voltage conversion module which are connected with the singlechip; in addition, the programmed control amplifying module and the self-adapting antialiasing filter are also connected with a singlechip 8. The device communicates with an upper computer through a serial port to assign point inspection task, and transmits the sampling frequency in the point inspection task to the singlechip; moreover, the singlechip sets the lowpass cut-off frequency of the antialiasing filter according to the sampling frequency. With low power consumption, convenient operation and powerful data analysis function, the device has the characteristics of real time and accuracy.