The invention relates to the field of distributed optical fiber temperature measurement systems, and discloses a distributed optical fiber Raman temperature measurement system. The system comprises a pulse laser device, a wavelength division multiplexer, a sensor optical fiber, a double-channel avalanche photodiode, and a digital signal processor (DSP). The whole optical fiber laser device emits pulse lasers, the pulse lasers enter into a to-be-tested sensor optical fiber after passing through the wavelength division multiplexer, the pulse lasers continuously generate backscattering inside the optical fiber in the spreading process, and then backscattering light returns back to the wavelength division multiplexer, after the backscattering light passes through the wavelength division multiplexer, Stokes scattering light and anti-Stokes Raman scattering light are respectively filtered out and enter the double-channel avalanche photodiode to be conducted photovoltaic conversion, and after an electrical signal of the double-channel avalanche photodiode is processes by the DSP, a temperature signal is obtained. The high-speed DSP is used for achieving wavelet denoising, and therefore processing speed is quick, and real time performance of temperature measurement is not influenced on the premise that precision is guaranteed.