The invention relates to cobalt porphyrin / porous silicon dioxide composite particle with photoacoustic imaging performance and a cytoprotection function and a preparation method and application thereof. The preparation method comprises the steps that a cobalt ion-centered metallic porphyrin compound and porous silicon dioxide nano particles are mixed and stirred, particles are centrifugally collected and dried, and the multifunctional cobalt porphyrin / porous silicon dioxide composite particle is obtained. According to the preparation method, the metallic porphyrin compound is carried by the porous silicon dioxide nano particles, an optical absorption property of a porphyryl compound is changed, the absorption of molecule near an infrared light area is promoted, and an expressed photoacoustic imaging radiography performance is good. According to the composite material, haem oxygenase-1 can be up-regulated to generate a cytoprotection effect, and the survival rate of a cell after cell transplantation is improved. The adopted preparation method is simple, quick, economical, applicable and has high repeatability, the photoacoustic imaging and the cytoprotection are successfully combined, a new method for an imaging mark is provided and improves the cell survival rate.