The invention discloses a rapid taking-off and landing device of an air vehicle. The rapid taking-off and landing device comprises an onboard device and a vehicle-mounted device, wherein the onboard device is arranged at the bottom of the air vehicle, and comprises a landing convex seat, an electric winch, a pulling rope, a cord weight, a dragging ball, a ball ejector, a photoelectric receiver and a taking-off and landing controller; the vehicle-mounted device is arranged at the top of a vehicle and comprises a landing concave ground, a ball falling hole, a locking device, a detection feedback device and a photoelectric transmitter; the landing convex seat of the onboard device and the landing concave ground of the vehicle-mounted device are in a funnel shape with an upward opening, and can be embedded and matched. The taking-off and landing controller can realize rapid and accurate capturing and dragging of the landing platform moving on the ground by the air vehicle according to a photoelectric signal state without human intervention, and the reliability of the taking-off and landing as well as the transportation and fixing of the air vehicle are guaranteed.