77results about "Multiplier dynodes" patented technology

An electron amplifier and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The electron amplifier includes a substrate in which a plurality of through holes are formed, a resistive layer deposited on the sidewalls of the through holes, an electron emissive layer including carbon nanotubes which is deposited on the resistive layer, and an electrode layer formed on each of the upper and lower sides of the substrate. Because the electron emissive layer of the electron amplifier is uniform and provides a high electron emission efficiency, the electron amplification efficiency is improved. The electron amplifier manufacturing method enables economical mass production of electron amplifiers.

The invention discloses a dynamic multi-stage serial connection coaxial butterfly-type channel dynode electron multiplier. The dynamic multi-stage serial connection coaxial butterfly-type channel dynode electron multiplier comprises a plurality of stages of butterfly-type dynodes sequentially distributed from inside to outside, an emission source, a voltage source and a drive device used for driving the multiple stages of butterfly-type dynodes to rotate, wherein the multiple stages of butterfly-type dynodes are sequentially arranged along a reflection path of electrons; each stage of butterfly-type dynode comprises a negative plate, a gate electrode and an arc support; the gate electrodes are of an annular structure; the cross section of each negative plate is of an arc structure; the circle centers of the negative plate in the multiple stages of butterfly-type dynodes coincide with a rotary shaft; the inner side faces of the negative plates are covered with reflection films; the negative plates are fixed on the arc surfaces of the corresponding arc supports; the gate electrodes are fixed on the lateral faces of the corresponding arc supports; one of each gate electrode is fixedly connected with one end of the corresponding negative plate; the voltage source comprises a power source and multiple resistors connected with the power source in series. The dynamic multi-stage serial connection coaxial butterfly-type channel dynode electron multiplier is long in service life, the actual use area of the negative plates is large, and the effective electron emissivity is high.

Every time a target sample is injected from an injector (12) of an LC unit (1) and a mass spectrometry for a target component in the sample is performed, a CD voltage applied to a conversion dynode of an ion detector (29) is switched. For each of the multiple CD-voltage levels, a data collector (32) collects noise data during a period of time where no component is present and intensity data of an ion originating from the target component, while the SN ratio calculator (33) calculates an SN ratio. After the actual measurement is completed, an optimum CD voltage determiner (34) compares the SN ratios calculated for each CD voltage, finds the CD voltage which gives the highest SN ratio, and stores this voltage in an optimum CD voltage memory (42) as an optimum CD voltage for the analysis conditions at that point in time and for the m / z of the analysis target. According to this method, even when the flow rate of the mobile phase is particularly high or when a hard-to-vaporize mobile phase is used, the CD voltage is appropriately set and a detection signal is obtained with high SN ratios.

The invention discloses a method for preparing high beryllium-copper alloy used for photomultiplier tube dynodes. The method includes the steps of material preparation, smelting, hearth cleaning, strip manufacturing and finish rolling. By the adoption of the method, the condition of hard and brittle phase generation in preparation of high beryllium-copper alloy strips through a traditional semi-continuous rolling machining method is avoided, the toughness of the beryllium-copper alloy strips prepared through a strip-spinning method is improved, the strip porosity is lowered, working efficiency is improved, and input cost is reduced.

The invention discloses an automatic expansion focusing electrode and an automatic expansion focusing electrode-based photomultiplier. The photomultiplier comprises a high-vacuum seal shell, the automatic expansion focusing electrode, a high-quantum efficiency photocathode, an electronic multiplier system and a connection and lead system, wherein the high-vacuum seal shell has main functions of sealing and being used as a substrate for other films as a photomultiplier housing part; and the automatic expansion focusing electrode comprises a bottom plate, expansion blades and an automatic trigger mechanism as an electronic collector of the photomultiplier. The high-quantum efficiency photocathode is located in an upper area of the high-vacuum seal shell and converts incident photons into electrons. The electronic multiplier system is located at the lower part of the automatic expansion focusing electrode, amplifies the electrons collected by the focusing electrode and then leads out the electrons through the lead system. The automatic expansion focusing electrode touches the trigger mechanism in a photomultiplier packaging process, so that an expansion action of the automatic expansion focusing electrode is achieved and expansion of the radial size of the focusing electrode is achieved.

The invention discloses a large-area photomultiplier with a hybrid multiplication system. The large-area photomultiplier comprises a vacuum glass container, a photocathode, the electron multiplicationsystem, an anode and a power supply electrode. The photocathode, the electron multiplication system and the anode are arranged in the vacuum glass container, the anode penetrates through the vacuum glass container through a signal lead and is connected with an external circuit, and the power supply electrode penetrates through the vacuum glass container through a power line and is connected withan external power supply circuit. The photocathode covers a whole inner surface of the vacuum glass container except a handle port. The multiplication system is arranged at an internal handle port ofthe vacuum glass container, comprises a first-stage spherical dynode and a second-stage micro-channel plate component, and can receive photoelectrons generated by the photocathode in all directions and generate multiplication electrons. The photomultiplier has advantages of a large photocathode coverage area and high photoelectron collection efficiency.

The invention discloses an automatic expansion focusing electrode for a photomultiplier tube and a photomultiplier tube, wherein the automatic expansion focusing electrode comprises an expansion support rod, a metal cloth, a fixing mechanism, a rotating shaft and a touch spring. The expansion support rod, the rotating shaft and the touch spring piece are one-to-one corresponded, and are arranged around the fixing mechanism; A plurality of expansion struts rotatably mounted along an edge of the fixing mechanism and about the rotational axis; The metal cloth is arranged around the central axis of the fixing mechanism in an initial state of wrinkle folding, and each expansion rod is fixedly connected with the wrinkle edge position of the metal cloth, so that the metal cloth can be unfolded with the movement of the expansion rod to enter an expanded state. The automatic expansion focusing pole of the invention can realize the expansion action of the automatic expansion focusing pole and realize the expansion of the radial dimension of the focusing pole.

The invention provides a method for adaptively expanding the dynamic range of a photomultiplier in order to solve the problem that the dynamic range of an existing universal photomultiplier is limiteddue to the fact that the total number of electrons is too large in the electron multiplication and transmission process. The number of electrons entering the electron multiplication system is adaptively adjusted according to the intensity of the detection light, so that the electron multiplication system is in a linear output working state, the dynamic range of the photomultiplier for the intensity of the detection light is expanded, and the range can be increased by more than 10 times of the original numerical value.

The invention relates to a high-gain hybrid photomultiplier based on a micro-channel plate. An MCP (micro-channel plate) is placed behind a photocathode to amplify photoelectrons generated by the photocathode, and the amplified electrons are accelerated under an external voltage, and the motion trail is restrained by the focusing electrode to ensure that high-energy electrons can bombard a wide bandgap semiconductor detector. A 6,000-20,000V negative high voltage can be loaded to the photocathode, and the voltage of the photocathode, the voltage of the MCP and the voltage of a focusing electrode can be flexibly adjusted through the ratio of three voltage dividing resistors in a voltage dividing circuit according to needs, thereby achieving the adjustment of the gain and time characteristics. The gain of the hybrid photomultiplier is not only limited to high gain, but also can be adjusted within a wide gain range (102-106) through the existence of the MCP or the multi-stage MCP, an external voltage value and a wide bandgap semiconductor detector structure, and different gain requirements can be met.

The invention provides a micro-channel plate for a proximity type photoelectric detection device and a preparation method of the micro-channel plate. According to the invention, a NiCr connecting layer, a metal aluminum film layer and an aluminum film surface oxide layer are sequentially formed on the input surface of the micro-channel plate, and the NiCr connecting layer directly covers the surface of the input surface of the micro-channel plate. The detection and collection efficiency of the micro-channel plate is 98% or above; and when the micro-channel plate is applied to the proximity type photoelectric detection device, the detection efficiency of the device can be greatly improved .

The present disclosure provides an ion detector for improving the effect of electric field for pulling in an ion to be detected to a first-stage electrode of a secondary electron multiplier (SEM), and improving the effect of a stray light reduction. In one example embodiment, an ion detector includes a SEM, and a lead-in electrode for pulling in an ion to a first-stage electrode side of the SEM. At least one of the area of the lead-in electrode and a potential difference between the lead-in electrode and neighboring electrodes of the lead-in electrode, the neighboring electrode being an electrode not of the SEM, is set so that the light amount of internal-stray light generated inside the detector entering the first-stage electrode is not more than that of external-stray light generated outside the detector entering the first-stage electrode, when an ion is introduced into the detector.

The invention relates to a non-contact object surface charge photomultiplier tube amplifier, belonging to the technical field of signal detection. The principle is as follows: the intensity of incident light is determined by the number of photons passing through a unit vertical area in unit time, and if the number of photons passing through a metal surface in unit time increases, the number of times that photons collide with the electrons in the metal increases, the number of photons escaping from the metal surface in unit time increases, and the photocurrent increases; and if the intensity of incident light remains unchanged and the number of times that photons collide with the electrons in the metal increases due to increase in the number of charges on the metal surface, the number of photoelectrons escaping from the metal surface in unit time increases. The number of photoelectrons is multiplied constantly by a photomultiplier tube, and the number of electrons collected by the anode finally can be increased 104-108 times. Because of high sensitivity and low noise of the photomultiplier tube, weak charge signals on the surface of a sample can be detected. The non-contact object surface charge photomultiplier tube amplifier can be widely used in the field of charge detection.

The invention provides a self-adaptive large-dynamic-range photomultiplier in order to solve the problem that the dynamic range of an existing universal photomultiplier is limited due to the fact thatthe total number of electrons is too large in the electron multiplication and transmission process. According to the invention, a drift electrode and a modulation electrode are arranged between a photocathode and an electron multiplication system, and the space between the photocathode and the electron multiplication system is divided into three parts: an electron drift region, an electron modulation region and an electron acceleration region; the electron drift region controls the electron transit time of electrons so as to ensure that the modulation voltage generation module can generate stable output; the electron modulation region realizes screening of the number of electrons, and linearly controls the number of the electrons entering the electron multiplication system, so that the electron multiplication system is in a linear output working state, and the dynamic range of the photomultiplier to the detection light intensity is expanded.

The invention relates to a novel silver-magnesium alloy dynode and a preparation method thereof, which belong to the technical field of photomultipliers and photoelectric device dynodes. The surface layer of the dynode is a magnesium nitride film layer, and the core layer is a magnesium oxide film layer. The secondary emission coefficient is 5 to 6 (150V), which is more than 20% higher than that of the existing magnesium oxide type silver-magnesium alloy dynode. The sensitivity and the gains of the tube can be significantly improved, the service life is prolonged and the yield of products is increased, and miniaturization and portability of the tube and the assembly are also facilitated. The core magnesium oxide film is formed by oxidation of the silver-magnesium alloy base layer, the surface magnesium nitride film is formed by nitridation of the silver-magnesium alloy, an extra-tube high-temperature activation process of the conventional magnesium oxide type silver-magnesium alloy dynode is saved in the process, the production cost is reduced, and the influences on the dynode by exposed air are completely eliminated. The novel silver-magnesium alloy dynode can be used in a photomultiplier tube electron multiplier and used as a multiplier in a optoelectronic device.

The present invention relates to an electron multiplier and others to effectively suppress luminescence noise, even in compact size, in which each of multistage dynodes has a plurality of columns each having a peripheral surface separated physically, and in which each column is processed in such a shape that an area or a peripheral length of a section parallel to an installation surface on which the electron multiplier is arranged becomes minimum at a certain position on the peripheral surface in the column of interest.

A dynode (8) constituting an electron multiplier or a photomultiplier is provided with eight rows of channels (15) each defined by an outer frame (16) and a partitioning part (17) of the dynode (8). In each channel (15), a plurality of electron multiplying holes (14) are arranged. In specified positions of the outer frame (16) and the partitioning part (17) of the dynode (8), glass receiving parts (21) wider than the outer frame (16) and the partitioning part (17) are provided integrally with the dynode (8). Glass parts (22) are bonded to all the glass receiving parts (21). The glass parts (22) are bonded by applying glass to the glass receiving parts (21) and hardening the glass and each have a generally dome-like convex shape. Each dynode (8) is formed after the dome-like glass part (22) is bonded to the glass receiving part (21).

A system for detecting electromagnetic radiation or an ion flow, including an input device for receiving the electronic radiation or the ion flow and emitting primary electrons in response, a multiplier of electrons in transmission, for receiving the primary electrons and emitting secondary electrons in response, and an output device for receiving the secondary electrons and emitting an output signal in response. The electron multiplier includes at least one nanocrystalline diamond layer doped with boron in a concentration of higher than 5·1019 cm−3.

Apparatus for amplifying a stream of primary charged particles comprises a body defining a chamber and an entrance aperture for receiving the stream of primary charged particles into the chamber, and an incident dynode, adapted to be charged to a pre-determined electrical potential, having a surface positioned in the chamber to be impacted by said primary charged particles at an angle of incidence greater than 30° from the surface normal and in response to the impact to generate a stream of secondary charged particles.

An apparatus for generating and focusing electrons is provided. The apparatus has an emissive material configured to emit an electron, an electron target, and an electrical potential gradient generator configured to generate an electrical potential gradient within the emissive material. The electrical potential gradient is oriented so as to vary from positive to negative in the general direction toward the electron target. In operation, an electron emitted from the emissive materials is deflected away from the emissive material and generally toward the electron target. The apparatus may be incorporated in scientific analytical equipment such as an electron multiplier.

The present invention relates to generally to components of scientific analytical equipment, and particularly to methods for extending the operational lifetime or otherwise improving the performance of dynodes used in electron multipliers. An aspect of the invention is embodied in a method for: (i) increasing the secondary electron yield of a dynode and / or (ii) decreasing the rate of degradation of electron yield of a dynode, the method comprising the step of exposing a dynode electron-emissive surface to an electron flux under conditions causing electron-impact induced removal of a contaminant deposited on the dynode electron-emissive surface. The conditions may be selected such that the electron-mediated removal is enhanced relative to a contaminant deposition process so as to provide anet decrease in the rate of contaminant deposition and / or a decrease in the amount of contaminant present on the dynode electron-emissive surface.

The invention belongs to an enhancement device, and particularly relates to a cathode electron enhancement device. The cathode electron enhancement device is composed of a power supply, a cathode electron emission source and a metal sheet group, wherein the metal sheet group is arranged at the electron emission end of the cathode electron emission source, the metal sheet group is composed of a plurality of long strip-shaped metal sheets, and the cross section of the metal sheet group is in a zigzag shape. The cathode electron enhancement device has the remarkable effects that the electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated by the metal sheet group with injection of cesium, magnesium and the like under the action of a certain voltage to impact the surface of the metal sheet group togenerate secondary electron emission so as to realize electron multiplication and realize enhancement of the cathode electron emission current. Meanwhile, the shape of the metal sheet group can be adjusted, the emission electrons of the cathode electron emission source can be regulated and the electron optical effect such as focusing can be realized.

The invention provides a method for preparing a functional film layer on the inner wall of a channel of a microchannel plate with ultra-large length-diameter ratio. The method is characterized in thata novel designed reaction cavity for deposition is provided, a sufficient diffusion process is combined, the charge storage capacity of the microchannel plate is improved while the single functionalfilm layer or the composite functional film layer with high secondary electron emission yield, high dielectric constant and uniform thickness is deposited on the inner wall of a substrate of the microchannel plate with the ultra-large length-diameter ratio to improve the gain performance of the microchannel plate, and thereby improving the dynamic range of the microchannel plate in the applicationof a transient electron imaging and detection system.

The invention discloses a dynode structure and an arc dynode electron multiplier based on the same. The electron multiplier comprises a base frame box body, a gate electrode and a metal substrate. The base frame box body having a quarter cylinder structure consists of a base plate, a first side plate, and a second side plate; the base plate has an arc structure; and the first side plate and the second side plate are connected with the two sides of the base plate. The metal substrate is fixed on the base plate and the upper surface of the metal substrate is an internally-recessed arc surface; a thin oxide film grows on the upper surface of the metal substrate by using a magnetron sputtering method; and the metal substrate is arranged between the first side plate, the second side plate, and the base plate and an incident electron is accelerated by the gate electrode and then enters the thin oxide film. The dynode of the electron multiplier has a uniform structure; the transmitting efficiency of the secondary electron is high; the service life is long; and installation becomes simple and convenient.

A photomultiplier according to an embodiment of the present invention has a sealed container the interior of which is maintained in a vacuum state, and an electron multiplier unit housed in the sealed container, and the sealed container is partly constructed of ceramic side tubes, on the assumption that the photomultiplier is used under high-temperature, high-pressure environments. The photomultiplier further has a structure for fixing an installation position of the electron multiplier unit relative to the sealed container, for improvement in anti-vibration performance.

A channel electron multiplier having a high aspect ratio and differential coatings along its channel length is disclosed. The elongated tube has an input end, an output end, and an interior surface extending along the length of the tube between the input end and the output end. The channel electron multiplier also has first and second conductive layers formed on the interior surface of the tube. The first conductive layer is selected to provide a first electrical resistance, a first electron emission characteristic, or both, and the second conductive layer is selected to provide a second electrical resistance, a second electron emission characteristic, or both. A method of making a channel electron multiplier having two or more different conductive layers is also disclosed.

The present invention provides a device configured to convert or amplify a particle, the conversion or amplification being reliant on the impact of a particle on a surface of the device causing the emission of one or more secondary electrons from the same surface, wherein the device comprises a carbon-based layer capable of secondary electron emission upon impact of a particle. The surface may be used to convert, for example, an ion into an electron signal, or an electron signal into an amplified electron signal. The invention is particularly applicable to conversion or amplification dynodes.