The invention discloses a jacking method and a jacking device of a steel structure module, and belongs to the technical field of structure module jacking. The jacking method of the steel structure module is characterized in that the sufficient number of hydraulic jacks are arranged according to the size of the steel structure module, a jacking framework platform and a foundation box are placed on the hydraulic jacks, when the hydraulic jacks are in a jacking state, standard joint pad blocks are inserted in two side positions between the foundation box and the jacking framework platform, when the hydraulic jacks are in a falling-back state, loads are transferred onto the standard joint pad blocks, standard joint inserting blocks are inserted between the standard joint pad blocks, the processes of hydraulic jack jacking, standard joint pad block insertion, hydraulic jack falling-back and standard joint inserting block insertion are repeated, and in addition, the adjacent upper and lower layers of standard joint pad blocks form 90-degree crossing until the steel structure module is jacked to the set position. The jacking method and the jacking device have the advantages that the requirements on the fields are low, the received jacking force of the steel structure module is uniform, the deformation cannot easily occur, the jacking process operation is simple and convenient, and a large amount of work can be reduced.